1、考研英语模拟试卷 114及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire
2、, al though nobody knows exactly when acquired the use of (1)_. The (2)_ of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve (3)_ signals, (4)_ even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words (5)_ with the most intensive professional i
3、nstruction. The superior brain of man is apparently (6)_ for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose that he (7)_ the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day (8)_ he discovered that speed could be used for narrative. There are those who t
4、hink that (9)_ picture language preceded oral language. A man (10)_ a picture on the wall of his cave to show (11)_ direction he had gone, or (12)_ prey he hoped to catch. Probably-picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language (13)_ the most importan
5、t single factor in the development of man. Two important stages came not (14)_ before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was (15)_ in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable (16)_ our own machine
6、age. Agriculture made possible (17)_ immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. (18)_ were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil (19)_ each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads,
7、 but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end (20)_ the physical comforts it provided. （ A） the latter （ B） the later （ C） the second （ D） the latest （ A） source （ B） beginning （ C） start （ D） origin （ A） like （ B） with （ C） as （ D） by （ A） and （ B） but （ C） moreover （ D） for （ A） even if （
8、 B） even （ C） even though （ D） even as （ A） a necessity （ B） necessities （ C） necessarily （ D） necessity （ A） should gradually increase （ B） gradually increase （ C） gradually increased （ D） has gradually increased （ A） that （ B） at which （ C） which （ D） when （ A） with the respect （ B） on this respec
9、t （ C） in this respect （ D） at this respect （ A） could draw （ B） should draw （ C） was able draw （ D） was drawing （ A） at which （ B） in which （ C） on which （ D） with which （ A） of which （ B） that （ C） which （ D） what （ A） is （ B） was （ C） has been （ D） is being （ A） too long （ B） such long （ C） as lo
10、ng （ D） so long （ A） a stage （ B） a step （ C） a development （ D） a way （ A） until （ B） with （ C） for （ D） to （ A） the （ B） an （ C） that （ D） one （ A） Those （ B） These （ C） There （ D） They （ A） after （ B） with （ C） before （ D） at （ A） since （ B） for （ C） because （ D） because of Part A Directions: Rea
11、d the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving enters into the story of modem sculpture in the United States. Direct carving in which the sculptors themselves carve stone or wood with ma
12、llet and chisel just be recognized as something more than just a technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. For example, sometimes the
13、shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form, but even the subject matter. The technique of direct, carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work w
14、as then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble. Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel in their own hands, readily conceding that the assistants they employed were far better than they were at carving the finished marble. With the turn-of-
15、the-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figure and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium. Even as early as the 1880s and 1890s, nonconformist European artists wer
16、e attempting direct carving. By the second decade of the twentieth century, Americans Laurent and Zorach most notably had adopted it as their primary means of working. Born in France, Robert Laurent (1890-1970) was a prodigy who received his education in the United States. In 1905 he was sent to Par
17、is as an apprentice to an art dealer, and in the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered primitive art, and learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker. Back in New York City by 1910, Laurent began carving pieces such as The Priestess, which reveals his fascinat
18、ion with African, pre-Columbian, and South Pacifican. Taking a walnut plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design. It is one of the earliest examples of direct carving in American sculpture. The planks form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief. Even its irregular shape
19、 must have appealed to Laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition that required a sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square. 21 What is one of the fundamental principles of direct carving? （ A） A sculptor must work with talented assistants. （ B） The subject of a sculpture should b
20、e derived from classical stories. （ C） The material is an important element in a sculpture. （ D） Designing a sculpture is a more creative activity than carving it. 22 How does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture? （ A） Sculptors are personally involved in the carv
21、ing of a piece. （ B） Sculptors find their inspiration in neoclassical sources. （ C） Sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel with other tools. （ D） Sculptors receive more formal training. 23 Where did Robert Laurent learn to carve? （ A） New York. （ B） Africa. （ C） The South Pacific. （ D） Paris.
22、 24 The phrase “a break with“ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _. （ A） a destruction of （ B） a departure from （ C） a collapse of （ D） a solution to 25 The piece titled The Priestess has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT _. （ A） the design is stylized （ B） it is made of marble
23、 （ C） the carving is not deep （ D） it depicts the front of a person 26 It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been
24、suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would giv
25、e up their femininity. Enedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the social, legal, and economic subordination of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex.into pubic industry.“ Observers thus differed concerning
26、 the social desirability of mechanizations effects, but they agreed that it would transform womens lives. Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the
27、 spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in womens economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of womens work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an
28、extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning manager, from administrative work that in the 1880s created a new class of “d
29、eadened“ jobs, hence forth considered “womens work. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and wit
30、h high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. Womens work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later be coming mostly white-collar in
31、stead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group of jobs that require relatively, low levels of skill and offer women little op
32、portunity for advancement all persist, while womens household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditio
33、nal position of women both in the labor market and in the home. 26 Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage? （ A） The effects of the mechanization of womens work have not borne out the frequently held assumption that new technology is inherently revolutionary. （
34、 B） Recent studies have shown that mechanization revolutionizes a societys traditional values and the customary roles of its members. （ C） Mechanization has caused the nature of womens work to change since the Industrial Revolution. （ D） The mechanization of work creates whole new classes of jobs th
35、at did not previously exist. 27 It can be inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of womens work? （ A） Statistics showing that the majority ok women now occupy white-collar positions. （ B） Inter
36、views with married men indicating that they are now doing some household tasks. （ C） Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to one. （ D） Census results showing that working womens wages and salaries
37、are, on the average, as high as those of working men. 28 The passage states that, before the twentieth century, which of the following was true of many employers? （ A） They did not employ women in factories. （ B） They tended to employ single rather than married women. （ C） They employed women only i
38、n those jobs that were related to womens traditional household work. （ D） They resulted technological innovations that would radically change womens roles in the family. 29 It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably believes which of the following to be true concerning those h
39、istorians who study the history of women? （ A） Their work provides insights important to those examining social phenomena affecting the lives of both sexes. （ B） Their work can only be used cautiously by scholars in other disciplines. （ C） Because they concentrate only on the role of women in the wo
40、rk-place they draw more reliable conclusions than the other historians. （ D） Their work has not had an impact on most historians current assumptions concerning the revolutionary effect of technology in the work-place. 30 Which of the following best describes the function of the concluding sentence o
41、f the passage? （ A） It sums up the general points concerning the mechanization of work made in the passage as a whole. （ B） It draws a conclusion concerning the effects of the mechanization of work which goes beyond the evidence presented in the passage as a whole. （ C） It restates the point concern
42、ing technology made in the sentence immediately preceding it. （ D） It qualifies the authors agreement with scholars who argue for a major revision in the assessment of the impact of mechanization on society. 31 One of the oldest seafaring ships in the world has been reconstructed after seven years p
43、atient archaeological work. The ship, a 60-foot sailing vessel, sank off the coast of Cyprus in the days of Alexander the Great around the year 300 B.C. Its discovery and restoration have now thrown new light on the ancient trade routes and shipbuilding techniques. What makes the Cyprus ship so info
44、rmative is the remarkable state of preservationmainly due to an unusual feature of its design. The hull was sheathed on the outside with lead that was fixed to the timber with bronze tacks which helped the wooden frame survive 2000 years under the sea. The first clue to the wrecks existence came in
45、1964 when a sponge diver from the present-day resort of Kyrenia came across a pole of amphorae(ancient storage jugs). Unfortunately his diving air supply ran out just at that moment, so that he had no time to mark the spot. It took him three years and hundreds of dives before he chanced upon them ag
46、ain. He reported his find to an underwater archaeological team from the University of Pennsylvania which was surveying the Cypriot coasts for wrecks. After checking his description, the team decided to concentrate their resources on the Kyrenia ship, and over the next two years a team of no fewer th
47、at 50 archaeologists and divers took part in the excavation. With the help of a metal detector, the team discovered that wreckage lay scattered over a 2000-square-foot area, often buried beneath sand and sea-weed. Each item was carefully photographed in its place, and a system of plastic grids stret
48、ched over the whole site so that it could be accurately mapped. More than 400 amphorae lay buried in the sand. The ship had been carrying a cargo of wine and almonds. More than 9000 of these were found in or nearby the amphorae, their outer shells still perfectly preserved. As well as these, there w
49、ere 29 stone grain mills, being carried both as cargo and as ballast. These were carefully stored in three rows parallel to the axis of the keel. As well as the main cargo, there were other small finds. Four wooden spoons, four oil jugs, four salt dishes and four drinking cups suggested the number of crew on the ship s last voyage. There was an axe, and near the intricately carved mast lay a wooden pulley, used to raise and lower the yard. A bronze cauldron, used perha
