1、Designation: C704/C704M 12C704/C704M 14Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at RoomTemperature1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C704/C704M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative abrasion resistance of refractory brick at ro
3、om temperature. This testmethod can also be applied to castable refractories (see Metric Dimensions, Practice C861 and Practice C865) and plasticrefractories (see Practice C1054).1.2 UnitsWhen values are stated in both SI and inch-pound units, the units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
4、values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, use each system independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Several values are stated only in SI units as a matter ofconvention and to permit comparison of resu
5、lts. Included are the abrading media weight (grams), specimen weight (grams),specimen weight loss due to abrasion (grams), and the resultant volume loss (cubic centimeters).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibi
6、lityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A681 Specification for Tool Steels AlloyC134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bul
7、k Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating FirebrickC179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix SpecimensC861 Practice for Determining Metric Dimensions of Standard Series Refractory Brick and ShapesC862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Spec
8、imens by CastingC865 Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete SpecimensC1036 Specification for Flat GlassC1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix SpecimensD4285 Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water in Compressed Air2.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME
9、) Standard:B40.100 Pressure Gauges and Gauge Attachments2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Abrasion Tester (1 dwg)33. Summary of Test Method3.1 This test method measures the volume of material in cubic centimeters abraded from a flat surface at a right angle to a nozzlethrough which 1000 g of size-graded silicon car
10、bide grain is blasted by air at a prescribed air pressure.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method measures the relative abrasion resistance of various refractory samples under standard conditions at roomtemperature.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractorie
11、s and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Properties.Current edition approved March 1, 2012March 1, 2014. Published April 2012May 2014. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20092012 asC704 09C704 12. . DOI: 10.1520/C0704_C0704M-12.10.1520/C0704_C
12、0704M-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Detailed prints for the construction of the test c
13、hamber are available at a nominal cost from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJC0704. Anacceptable test chamber can be made from a weatherproof electrical switch box.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of
14、 what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered
15、 the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 The abrasion resistance of a refractory material provides an indication of its suitability for service in abrasive environments.4.3 The results obtained by thi
16、s test method could be different than those obtained in service because of the different conditionsencountered.5. Interferences (Factors known to Affect Results)5.1 During development, a ruggedness test was performed using 114 by 114 by 12.7 mm 412 by 412 by 12 in. float glass platesconforming to Sp
17、ecification C1036. Several factors were found to cause statistically significant effects on measured results (seeSection 10).5.1.1 Nozzle Tube Inside DiameterVariation in the inside diameter of the flint glass nozzle tube statistically affected theabrasion values obtained on the glass plate. Ideal g
18、lass tube inside diameter is 4.8 mm. Glass tube lots purchased as 7 mm outsidediameter tube with a nominal 1.1 mm wall thickness can have inside diameters ranging from 4.6 mm to 5.0 mm. For the ruggednesstest, flint glass tube inside diameters of 4.7 mm and 4.9 mm were used. Take the statistically s
19、ignificant effect of this small tubeinside diameter variation into consideration. Individually measure and choose all nozzle tubes to conform to a specified 4.8 mminside diameter.5.1.2 Air PressureVariation in the test air pressure statistically affected the abrasion values obtained on the glass pla
20、te. Airpressure as specified in this test method is 448 kPa 65 psi measured by a gauge capable to 6 6.9kPa 6 1 psi. For the ruggednesstest, air pressure was maintained at values of 441 kPa 64 psi and 455 kPa 66 psi by the use of a calibrated master series pressuregauge. Take the statistically signif
21、icant effect of this small air pressure variation into consideration and use only gauges as specifiedin 6.1.5. It is also recommended that air gauges be recalibrated at frequent intervals.5.2 Factors that were found to be rugged during the test method evaluation were: (1) particle size variation of
22、the silicon carbidegrain between sizings of grain composed of 25% 20 mesh by 30 mesh and 75% 30 mesh by 50 mesh silicon carbide to onecomposed of 15% 20 mesh by 30 mesh and 85% 30 mesh by 50 mesh silicon carbide sizing, (2) nozzle to sample distance varyingbetween 200 mm 7 78 in. to 206 mm 818 i.n,
23、(3) silicon carbide grit amount between 995 g and 1005 g, and (4) test operator.6. Apparatus6.1 Abrasion Tester, used for measuring the abrasion resistance of refractory specimens, consisting of the following (Fig. 1 andFig. 2):6.1.1 Blast Gun (Leitch Carco Gun Model LC-CG)4, modified for this equip
24、ment as shown in Fig. 3. Other sand blast gunmodels or types may affect test results.6.1.2 NozzleMake the nozzle from a piece of flint-glass tubing, 115 mm 4 12 in. long, 7 mm 0.276 in. 6 0.12 mm 0.005in. outside diameter, with a 1.1 mm 0.043 in. 6 0.03 mm 0.001 in. wall thickness. When the Carco Bl
25、ast Gun is used, thiswill replace the steel nozzle supplied with the gun. Cleanly cut the ends of the glass tube and do not fire polish them. Check thelength and diameter of each tube prior to use. The diameter may be checked by the use of a gage consisting of a tapered stainlesssteel rod with the 4
26、.8 mm (316 in.) diameter marked on the rod. The glass tubing is held in place by a 70 mm (234 in.) long pieceof stainless steel or copper tubing with an inside diameter of 7.15 to 7.75 mm 932 to 58 in. and an outside diameter of 9.53 mm38 in. Flare the tubing at one end to sit snugly inside a 9.53 m
27、m 38 in. tubing nut. This sleeve is glued or soldered in placeinside the 9.53 mm 38 in. tubing nut, and is used primarily to hold the glass tubing perpendicular to the test sample, ensuringa proper vacuum within the gun. The end of the glass tube through which the abrading media enters the nozzle in
28、 the venturichamber is inserted into a 15.9 mm 58 in. outside diameter, 6.4 mm 14 in. inside diameter rubber grommet with a thickness of4.75 to 6.4 mm 316 to 14 in. The glass tube is placed through the sleeve in the tubing nut, compressing the grommet within thenut. The nut is attached to the gun. F
29、it the nozzle tightly into the grommet in order to achieve adequate vacuum (see 8.6). The glasstube is then positioned at a distance of 2 mm 0.08 in. from the air-generator nozzle. This is done by using a brass rod, 4.5 mm0.175 in. in diameter with a shoulder 7.9 mm 516 in. in diameter, 117 mm 4.59
30、in. from the tip and inserting this rod into theglass tube. This will allow the operator to push the glass tubing up until the rod touches the venturi, ensuring a 2 mm 0.08 in.gap between the venturi and the glass tubing.6.1.3 VenturiThe air generator nozzle dimensions are an inlet inside diameter o
31、f 2.84 to 2.92 mm 0.112 to 0.115 in. and anoutlet inside diameter of 2.36 to 2.44 mm 0.093 to 0.096 in. Inspect the air generator nozzle for wear before any test series andreplace as necessary. The maximum inside diameter of the venturi chamber is 10 mm 38 in. Check the inside diameterperiodically f
32、or wear (Fig. 4).6.1.4 Air SupplySupply the abrasion gun with clean dry air in accordance with Test Method D4285. The use of appropriatedrying equipment is necessary in order to achieve consistent results. Ensure that the air supply is able to supply an adequate volumeof air such that the air pressu
33、re does not fluctuate during the test run. If the air supply is also connected to other equipment, ensure4 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Leitch conversely, two test results that do differ by more than the repeatability intervalshall be considered t
34、o be from different populations.10.2.2 ReproducibilityThe maximum permissible difference due to test error between two test results obtained by twooperators in different laboratories on the same material using the same test equipment is given by the reproducibility interval (R)and the relative repro
35、ducibility interval (% R). The 95 % reproducibility intervals are given in Table 2. Two test results that do notdiffer by more than the reproducibility interval shall be considered to be from the same population; conversely, two test results thatdo differ by more than the reproducibility interval sh
36、all be considered to be from different populations.10.3 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the bias of this test method because the value of the volume loss can bedefined only in terms of a test method.11. Keywords11.1 abrasion resistance; blasted by air; castable refractories; glass plate;
37、 flat surface; monolithic refractory materials; refractorybrick or shape; room temperatureSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS5 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C08-1019.TABLE 2 Precision Statistics for Abrasion ResistanceM
38、aterialAverageVolumeLoss, cm3StandardDeviationWithinLabora-tories, SrStandardDeviationBetweenLabora-tories, SRRepeat-abilityInterval, rReproduc-bilityInterval, RCoefficientof Varia-tion WithinLabora-tories, VrCoefficientof Varia-tion BetweenLabora-tories, VRRelativeRepeat-ability, %rRelativeReproduc
39、-ibility, %RHigh-alumina brick 4.19 0.39 0.71 1.08 1.98 9.22 16.85 25.80 47.19Silica brick 22.17 2.64 4.62 7.40 12.95 11.91 20.86 33.36 58.41Abrasion-resistant castable 8.36 0.87 1.89 2.42 5.29 10.35 22.59 28.99 63.24Super-duty firebrick 25.48 4.25 7.81 11.90 21.86 16.68 30.64 46.70 85.80Conventiona
40、l high-cement castable 10.89 2.12 3.02 5.94 8.45 19.48 27.71 54.54 77.59Plate glass standard 9.28 0.34 1.51 0.95 4.23 3.66 16.27 10.24 45.58C704/C704M 148S1. Supplementary Procedure for Highly Abrasion Resistant MaterialsS1.1.1 The requirements of this supplement apply only when specified in the pur
41、chase order.S1.1.2 These requirements are designed for applications where increased precision is necessary for the abrasion resistance of therefractory material in order to reduce the variability of results obtained using the standard test procedure.S1.1.3 The requirements of this supplement modify
42、or augment the requirements of Test Method C704/C704M. Follow allrequirements of the supplement.S1.1.4 Do not compare test results using the supplementary requirements to results obtained using the standard testingprocedures.S1.2 Interferences (Factors Known to Affect Results)S1.2.1 A round robin st
43、udy for these supplementary requirements is underway. No interference statements can be made at thistime.S1.3 ApparatusS1.3.1 Abrasion Tester (Modification of 6.1)See Fig. S1.1.S1.3.2 Blast Gun (Replaces 6.1.1), machined from a block ofAmerican Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) GradeA-2 (Specification
44、A681, Type A-2; UNS T30102) tool steel in accordance with Fig. S1.2.S1.3.3 Air Supply Pressure Gauge (Modifies 6.1.5)Use two pressure gauges. If the readings on the gauges differ by more than6.9 kPa (1 psi), recalibrate, repair, or replace the gauges. Use one gauge as the primary gauge; all pressure
45、 measurements are tobe taken from that gauge. The second gauge is used only for verification. Ensure that there are not any flow obstructions betweenthe gauge and the gun.S1.3.4 Feeding Mechanism (Replaces 6.1.7)Use a two funnel feeding mechanism to supply the abrading media to the gun asshown on th
46、e left side of Fig. 5. Ensure that the main supply funnel has sufficient volume to hold the required 1000 g of siliconcarbide abrading medium. Provide an orifice approximately 4.5 mm (0.18 in.) in diameter to control the flow of silicon carbide.Size the orifice so that 1000 g of the abrading media f
47、lows through the funnel in 450 6 15 s. Equip the gun supply funnel witha 4.06 mm 0.16 in. inside diameter, 6.35 mm 0.25 in. outside diameter hose fitting to connect to the feed line. Provide a gapbetween the two funnels to allow for air to be introduced to the particle stream. Connect the lower funn
48、el to the feed inlet of theblast gun with clear flexible poly(vinyl chloride) tubing with an inside diameter of 6.35 mm 0.25 in.S1.3.5 Test Chamber (Modifies 6.1.8)Use a 20 mm 1316 in. mounting hole. Attach the blast gun to the top of the chamberthrough the hole in the top and secure it in place wit
49、h a nut. Ensure the gun is perpendicular to the specimen.S1.3.6 Vacuum Gauge (Modifies 6.1.9) Use two vacuum gauges. If the readings on the gauges differ by more than 6.9 kPa(1 psi), recalibrate, repair, or replace the gauges. Use one gauge as the primary gauge; all vacuum measurements are to be takenfrom that gauge. The second gauge is used only for verification. Affix the gauges to the blast gun as shown in Fig. S1.1. Ensurethat there are not any flow obstructions between the g
