1、Designation: C778 13Standard Specification forStandard Sand1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C778; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the
2、year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers standard sand for use in thetesting of hydraulic cements.1.2 Th
3、e values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3 Values in SI units shall be obtained by measurement inSI units or by appropriate conversion, using the Rules forConversion and Rounding given in IEEE/ASTM SI 10,ofmeasurements made in other units.1.4 This standard does not purport to
4、address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C109/C109M
5、 Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesC150 Specification for Portland Cem
6、entC185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic CementMortarC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC702 Practice for Reducing Samples ofAggregate to TestingSizeC1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices forDetermining Mass and Volume for Use in the PhysicalTesting of Hydraulic Ce
7、mentsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 2030 sand, nstandard sand, predominantly gradedto pass a 850-
8、m (No. 20) sieve and be retained on a 600-m(No. 30) sieve.3.1.2 graded sand, nstandard sand, predominantly gradedbetween the 600-m (No. 30) sieve and the 150-m (No. 100)sieve.3.1.3 standard sand, nsilica sand, composed almost en-tirely of naturally rounded grains of nearly pure quartz, usedfor prepa
9、ring mortars in the testing of hydraulic cements.4. Requirements4.1 Sand shall meet the requirements of Table 1 with respectto grading, source of sand, and absence of undesirable airentraining characteristics.METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTINGSTANDARD SANDS5. Apparatus5.1 SievesThe sieves shall be stan
10、dard 203-mm (8-in.)diameter, full-height, wire-cloth sieves, conforming to therequirements of Specification E11, and of the following sizes:1.18-mm (No. 16) 425-m (No. 40)850-m (No. 20) 300-m (No. 50)600-m (No. 30) 150-m (No. 100)75-m (No. 200)5.2 Sample SplitterThe sample splitter, receptacles, and
11、feeder pan or hopper shall conform to the general designrequirements listed in Method A, apparatus section of PracticeC702, except that the device shall have no fewer than eightchutes having a maximum opening no greater than 13 mm, anda minimum opening at least three times the diameter of thelargest
12、 particle of sand in a sample to be split.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 onCement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.95 on Coordination ofStandards.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approvedin 1974. Last prev
13、ious edition approved in 2012 as C778 12. DOI: 10.1520/C0778-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websi
14、te.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.3 Scales, Balances, and Reference MassesScales,balances, and reference masses shall conform to the require-ments of
15、Specification C1005 as appropriate for the size of thesample the mass of which is to be determined.6. Sampling6.1 Sample each lot or shipment and test for the gradingrequirements in Table 1. Determine air entraining characteris-tics only when contamination of sand is suspected. Sample theshipment in
16、 accordance to the procedure listed in 9.1.6.2 ProcedureUsing Method AMechanical Splitter pro-cedure described in Practice C702, reduce the entire contentsof a bag of standard sand to a testing size of approximately 300g.7. Sieve Analysis7.1 SievingSieve the sand by hand or mechanically asdescribed
17、in Test Method C136.7.2 ReportingReport the results of the sieve analysis astotal percentage passing each sieve.8. Tests for Air-Entraining Potential of Sand8.1 Small amounts of some surfactants or other contami-nants will produce air voids in mortars made with 2030 sand,graded sands or both. When c
18、ontamination is suspected, testthe sands in accordance with the procedures described in thissection to determine the effect on air content or strength (seeNote 1).NOTE 1It may be desirable to wash these sands routinely to avoidpotential problems. Additionally, the washing procedure outlined in 8.1.1
19、will tend to minimize segregation of sand that may occur when the sandis handled in a dry state.8.1.1 Obtain a sample of at least 2800 g from a full bag ofsand. Place the remainder of the sand from the bag in aconcrete mixer of the drum type. Add sufficient water to coverthe sand and mix for 2 min.
20、Decant the water over a 75 m (No.200) sieve and drain for 2 min. Repeat the washing anddecanting procedure four times. Tilt the mixer and drain thesand for 20 min or longer. Determine the mass of damp sandand place it in approximately batch-sized quantities in separatecontainers. Dry the sand to con
21、stant mass in an oven at 110 C.Cool and adjust the quantity of dry sand to the amount requiredfor a test. Prepare two batches of each of “washed” and “asreceived” sand for test following the procedures in TestMethod C185 for 2030 sand or Test Method C109/C109M forgraded sand.8.1.2 Tests for air-entr
22、aining potential of a standard sandshall be made on a single day by a single operator.8.2 2030 SandPrepare two batches of mortar withwashed sand and two with “as received” sand in accordancewith Test Method C185. Compare the average air content forwashed and unwashed sand mortars for compliance with
23、 limitin Table 1.8.3 Graded SandPrepare two batches of mortar withwashed sand and two with “as received” sand in accordancewith Test Method C109/C109M. (See Note 2.) When TestMethod C109/C109M mortar cubes are removed from themolds, determine the density of a group of at least three cubesfrom each b
24、atch by determining the mass of the cubes both inair and immersed in water. Follow procedures outlined in TestMethod C127 for bulk specific gravity (SSD). Determine themass of the cubes to at least the nearest gram. Calculate theapparent air content as follows:apparent air content 5 Dt2 Dm!/Dt! 3100
25、 (1)where:Dm= the measured density (bulk specific gravity (SSD),andDt= the theoretical density of air-free mortar, g/cm3.Note that Dtis calculated as the total mass of the ingredientsin a batch of mortar divided by the sum of the absolute volumesof the cement, sand, and water used in the batch. Aver
26、age theapparent air content of the two batches made with washed sandand compare that average with the similar average for “asreceived sand” mortar to determine compliance with the limitin Table 1.NOTE 2Compressive strength of Test Method C109/C109M mortarmade with Specification C150 or C595 cement w
27、ill be reduced approxi-mately 4 % for each percent of air in the compacted cube. However, asmany as three batches of washed and three of unwashed sand may beneeded to reliably detect a difference in strength of 7 % between washedand unwashed sand mortars.9. Rejection9.1 Standard SandReject a bag of
28、standard sand if thecontents fail to meet one or more of the requirements of thisspecification. Sample a shipment of standard sand by selectingevery 15th bag by consecutive number beginning with the 5thbag of the shipment. Count bags missing from the sequence asif they were there. Accept a shipment
29、of standard sand if thecontents of the selected bags meet the requirements of thisspecification. If any of the selected bags fail to meet one ormore of the requirements of this specification, resample theshipment by selecting every 15th bag by consecutive numberbeginning with the 10th bag of the shi
30、pment. Accept ashipment of standard sand if the contents of the selected bagson the resampling meet the requirements of this specification.If any of the selected bags in the resampling fail to meet one ormore of the requirements of this specification, and the rejectedbag is within a 15-bag sequence
31、of a bag rejected in the firstselection of bags, reject the entire sequence of bags betweenTABLE 1 Standard Sand RequirementsCharacteristics 20-30 Sand Graded SandGrading, percent passing sieve:1.18 mm (No. 16) 100 100850 m (No. 20) 85 to 100600 m (No. 30) 0 to 5 96 to 100425 m (No. 40) 65 to 75300
32、m (No. 50) 20 to 30150 m (No. 100) 0 to 4Difference in air content of mortars madewith washed and unwashed sand, max,%airA2.0 1.5Source of sand Ottawa, IL orLeSuer, MNOttawa, ILAThis determination is needed when contamination of sand is suspected asdiscussed in 8.1.C778 132accepted tests. Reject the
33、 entire shipment if half of the numberof bags tested fail to meet the requirements of thisspecification, or if the shipment consists of five bags or less ifone randomly selected bag fails the specification.9.2 Table 2 shows for both sampling and resampling inColumn 2 the number of bags to be tested
34、based on the totalnumber of consecutive bags in the shipment. Column 3 showsthe identification of the bag to be selected for test based on theconsecutive number of the bags.NOTE 3For example, if, in a shipment of 30 bags, on first sampling,the 20th bag fails the specification, and on resampling, the
35、 25th bag failsthe specification, the entire shipment is rejected. If the shipment were 100bags and on first sampling only the 20th bag fails, and on resampling onlythe 25th bag fails, only bags Nos. 11 to 34 would be rejected.10. Packaging and Package Marking10.1 PackagingStandard sands shall be de
36、livered in bagswith impervious liners made of material that will not contami-nate the sand.10.2 MarkingEach bag shall be plainly marked as fol-lows:ASTM C778 20-30 Sand orASTM C778 Graded Sand asthe case may be. The source of the sand and the mass of thesand contained therein shall be plainly indica
37、ted on each bag.11. Keywords11.1 20-30 sand; graded sand; hydraulic cement testingsand; standard sandSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C778 12)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2013.)(1) Ad
38、ded 75m reference to 5.1. (2) Revised 75m reference in 8.1.1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such p
39、atent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited e
40、ither for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fai
41、r hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this sta
42、ndard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 2
43、 Sampling and Resampling of Standard SandTotal No. of ConsecutiveBags in ShipmentNo. of Bagsto TestTest in Consecutive No., theFollowing BagsSampling:less than 5 1 random5to19 1 5th20 to 34 2 5th and 20th35 to 49 3 5th, 20th, and 35th50 to 64 4 5th, 20th, 35th, and 50thResampling:less than 5 none reject shipment5to19 1 10th20 to 34 2 10th and 25th35 to 49 3 10th, 25th, and 40th50 to 64 4 10th, 25th, 40th, and 55thC778 133
