1、Designation: D 1044 08Standard Test Method forResistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1044; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes a procedure for es
3、timatingthe resistance of transparent plastics to one kind of surfaceabrasion by measuring the change in optical properties.1.2 Abrasive damage is visually judged and numericallyquantified by the difference in haze percentage in accordancewith Test Method D 1003 between an abraded and unabradedspeci
4、men.1.3 CS-10F wheels manufactured between October 2002and September 2004 have been found to give different resultsthan historical values. Comparisons of data using these wheelsshould be made with caution. Results using wheels made afterSeptember 2004 have agreed with those obtained beforeOctober 20
5、02.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in brackets are for information only.NOTE 1This test method is equivalent to ISO 3537 in the measure-ment of resistance to abrasion in Section 7, but is not equivalent toISO 3537 in any other measurement or section.
6、 This test method is notequivalent to ISO 9352, and results cannot be directly compared betweenthe two methods.NOTE 2This test method is similar to ANSI/SAE Z26.1, Test 17.NOTE 3Prior attempts to employ the Taber Abraser for volume lossdeterminations of various plastics2have been unsuccessful becaus
7、e ofexcessively large coefficients of variation attributed to the data. Insuffi-cient agreement among the participating laboratories has rendered the useof volume loss procedure inadvisable as an ASTM test method.NOTE 4For determining the resistance to abrasion of organic coatingsby weight loss, ref
8、erence is made to Test Method D 4060, which usesmore aggressive CS-10 or CS-17 abrasive wheels. It suffers from poorreproducibility between laboratories when numerical abrasion resistancevalues are used. Interlaboratory agreement improves significantly whenranking a series of coatings for their abra
9、sion resistance.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
10、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-rialsD 4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of OrganicCoatings by
11、the Taber AbraserE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 3537 Road VehiclesSafety Glazing MaterialsMechanical TestsISO 9352 PlasticsDetermination of Resistance to Wear byAbrasive Wheels2.3 ANSI Standards:4ANSI/SAE Z26.1
12、Safety Glazing Materials for GlazingMotor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Equipment Operatingon Land HighwaysAbrasion Resistance, Test 17 (Plas-tics)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasionabrasive wear caused by displacement orrearrangement of a softer material due to rubbing or scuffingagainst hard
13、sharp particles.3.1.2 hazeIn accordance with Test Method D 1003, thatpercentage of transmitted light which in passing through thespecimen deviates from the incident beam by forward scatter-ing. For the purpose of this test method, only light fluxdeviating more than 0.044 rad (2.5) on the average isc
14、onsidered to be haze.3.1.3 refacepreparation of an abrasive wheel on a condi-tioning stone prior to use in testing.3.1.4 wheelan abrasive wheel consisting of hard particles(aluminum oxide) embedded in resilient binder.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand i
15、s the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 1044 - 05.2Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-48and RR:D
16、20-1090.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute
17、 (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Significance and Use4.1 Transparent plasti
18、c materials, when used as windows orenclosures, are subject to wiping and cleaning; hence themaintenance of optical quality of a material after abrasion isimportant. It is the purpose of this test method to provide ameans of estimating the resistance of such materials to this typeand degree of abras
19、ion.4.2 Although this test method does not provide fundamentaldata, it is suitable for grading materials relative to this type ofabrasion in a manner which correlates with service.4.3 Comparison of interlaboratory data or the specificationof a “haze” value has no significance if the hazemeterrequire
20、ments given in 5.4 are not used. This is because lightdiffused from the surface of a Taber track is scattered at anarrow angle (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) while light diffused internallyby a specimen is scattered at a wide angle. In many hazemeters,when a diaphragm is inserted to limit the light beam to the
21、width of the abraded track, the specular beam at the exit portbecomes smaller. The dark annulus will then be greater than the0.023 6 0.002 rad (1.3 6 0.1) requirements of Test MethodD 1003. Since a large percentage of the narrow-angle forward-scattered light will not impinge on the sphere wall, “haz
22、e”readings become smaller. For hazemeters that have not beenproperly adjusted, the magnitude of this reduction is dependentboth on the integrating sphere diameter and the reduction of theentrance beam.4.4 For many materials, there may be a specification thatrequires the use of this test method, but
23、with some proceduralmodifications that take precedence when adhering to thespecification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that materialspecification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classi-fication System D 4000 lists theASTM materials standards thatcurrently exist.4.5 For some mater
24、ials, abrasion tests utilizing the Taberabraser may be subject to variation due to changes in theabrasive characteristics of the wheel during testing.4.5.1 Depending on abradant type and test specimen, thewheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to thepick up of coating or other materi
25、als from test specimens andmust be cleaned at frequent intervals.4.5.2 The type of material being tested and the number oftest cycles being run is known to sometimes influence thetemperature of the running surface of the wheel with an affecton the final haze measurement. To reduce any variability du
26、e tothis temperature effect, stabilize the wheels surface tempera-ture prior to performing actual measurements. This shall beaccomplished by conducting multiple refacings on an ST-11refacing stone, followed by a test on the sample material to betested (with results to be discarded).5. Apparatus5.1 A
27、braderThe Taber abraser or its equivalent, consist-ing of the following elements:5.1.1 Ahorizontal turntable platform; comprised of a rubberpad, clamp plate, and nut to secure the specimen to theturntable.NOTE 1This photograph shows light pattern of the scattering from thesurface of a Taber abraded
28、specimen. The circles show how increasing the1.3 dark annulus dramatically changes the amount of light impacting thesphere wall.FIG. 1 Light Scattering from Surface of Abraded Tracks(Photograph)NOTE 1This graph shows goniophotometric curves for Taber abradedtracks. The specular angle of transmission
29、 is at 180.FIG. 2 Light Scattering from Surface of Abraded Tracks (Graph)D10440825.1.2 A motor capable of rotating the turntable platform at aspeed of either 72 6 2 r/min for 110v/60Hz or 60 6 2 r/min for230v/50Hz.5.1.3 A pair of pivoted arms, to which the abrasive wheelsand auxiliary masses (if use
30、d) would be attached; loads of 500or 1000 gf on the wheels are obtained by use of changeableweights.NOTE 5Without auxiliary masses or counterweights applied, eacharm will apply a load against the specimen of 250 gf per wheel (exclusiveof the mass of the wheel itself).5.1.4 A vacuum suction system an
31、d vacuum pick-up nozzleto remove debris and abrasive particles from the specimensurface during testing. The height of the vacuum pick-upnozzle shall be adjustable, and the nozzle openings shall be 11mm 716 in. in diameter.NOTE 6The nominal nozzle openings are 8 mm 516 in. and can beenlarged followin
32、g the instructions shown in Appendix X2.5.1.5 A counter to record the number of cycles (revolutions)made by the turntable platform.5.2 Refacing StoneThe fine side of a ST-11 refacing stone(or equivalent) shall be used for refacing the abrasive wheels.It is important that the turntable platform runs
33、true on theabraser and that the refacing stone lies flat on the turntableplatform.5.3 Abrasive WheelsThe grade of wheel designated CS-10F5shall be used, and shall meet the following requirementsat the time of the test:5.3.1 The wheel shall be 12.7 6 0.3 mm wide and have anexternal diameter of 51.9 6
34、 0.5 mm when new, and in no caseless than 44.4 mm, and5.3.2 The wheel shall not be used after the date stamped onit.5.4 HazemeterAn integrating sphere photoelectric pho-tometer, as described in Test Method D 1003, shall be used tomeasure the light scattered by the abraded track. If hazemeasurements
35、are made with other devices or by other meth-ods, a correlation shall be established with the results obtainedwith the apparatus and method described in Test MethodD 1003.5.4.1 An aperture or diaphragm shall be centrally inserted inthe haze measuring apparatus to center the light beam on theabraded
36、track and limit it to a diameter of 7 6 1 mm 0.28 60.04 in. at the specimen.5.4.2 When the reduced light beam is unobstructed by aspecimen, its cross section at the exit port shall be approxi-mately circular, sharply defined, uniformly bright, and concen-tric within the exit port, leaving an annulus
37、 of 0.023 6 0.002rad (1.3 6 0.1) subtended at the entrance port.NOTE 7Uniformity of the light intensity is usually checked byobserving the beam through thin bond paper placed at the exit port.NOTE 8Forward-scattering glass standards6can be used to check thatthe optical system of the hazemeter is pro
38、perly adjusted.5.5 Specimen HolderA suitable holder shall be used topermit positioning the abraded specimen on the hazemeter sothat the light beam is centered in the abraded track and thespecimen is flush at the measurement port.6. Test Specimens6.1 The test specimens shall be clean, transparent dis
39、ksapproximately 100 mm in diameter or plates approximately100 mm square, having both surfaces substantially plane andparallel. They may be cut from sheets or molded in thicknessesup to 12.7 mm 12 in. A 6.3-mm 14-in. hole shall becentrally drilled in each specimen. Three such specimens shallbe tested
40、 per sample, except for interlaboratory or specificationtests when ten specimens shall be tested.7. Calibration7.1 Verify calibration of the Taber abraser as directed by theequipment manufacturer (see Appendix X1).8. Conditioning8.1 ConditioningUnless otherwise specified, conditionthe test specimens
41、 at 23 6 2C 73.4 6 3.6F and 50 6 5%relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to test inaccordance with Procedure A of Practice D 618. In cases ofdisagreement, the tolerances shall be 61C 61.8F and62 % relative humidity.8.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in the standard labora-tory atmosphere of 2
42、3 6 2C 73.4 6 3.6F and 50 6 5%relative humidity, unless otherwise specified. In cases ofdisagreements, the tolerances shall be 61C 61.8F and62 % relative humidity.9. Standardization of Abrading Wheels9.1 To ensure that the abrading function of the wheels ismaintained at a constant level, prepare the
43、 abrading wheelsprior to each test.9.1.1 Mount the wheels on their respective flange holders,taking care not to handle them by their abrasive surfaces.9.1.2 Select the load to be used and affix it to the abraser. Ifno load is specified, use a load of 500 gf (per wheel).9.1.3 Mount an ST-11 refacing
44、stone (or equivalent) on theturntable, fine side up, and secure using the nut.9.1.4 Lower the vacuum nozzle and adjust its height towithin 0.8 to 1.6 mm 132 to116 in. of the refacing stone. Setthe vacuum suction force to 100.9.1.5 Lower the arms so the wheels contact the surface ofthe ST-11 refacing
45、 stone.9.2 Before abrading each specimen, reface the wheels for 25cycles on the fine side of the ST-11 refacing stone. Afterrefacing, use a soft bristle, anti-static brush to lightly brush thewheel surfaces to remove any loose particulate matter beforeabrading a specimen. (WarningDo not touch the ru
46、nningsurface of the wheels after they are refaced. New wheels or5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Taber Industries, 455 Bryant Street, North Tonawanda, NY 14120. If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna-
47、tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.6Calibrated plastic haze standards are available from BYK-Gardner, Inc., 9104Guilford Road, Columbia, MD 21046.D1044083wheels trued using a diamond tool refa
48、cer, must first be brokenin with 100 cycles on the fine side of the ST-11 refacing stonefollowed by a test on the material to be evaluated (results to bediscarded).)NOTE 9A brush found suitable for this purpose has been described asfollows: Having a width of two inches with tuft spacing of 0.25 inch
49、es. Itis a soft-fiber, static-dissipative brush manufactured from an acrylic fiber(0.0015 inch filament diameter) that has been chemically bonded with alayer of copper sulfide to produce a resistance of 35 times 10-4ohms percentimetre.NOTE 10The fine side of the ST-11 refacing stone has a limited lifeand must be replaced after 10,000 cycles (approximately 400 refacings).9.2.1 A thin fin of wheel material will sometimes form onthe left hand edge of the wheel as the main body of the wheelwears down. To remove, gently r
