1、Designation: D1322 14D1322 14a An American National StandardDesignation: 598/12Standard Test Method forSmoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1.
3、Scope*1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel, a manualprocedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.1.2 An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2012 (see ASTM RR:D02-1747 for supporti
4、ng data) involving 11 manuallaboratories and 13 automated laboratories, with 15 samples tested in blind duplicate. The automated procedure demonstratedobjective rating and superior control and should be considered the preferred approach.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standar
5、d. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applic
6、ability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-ment System Performa
7、nce2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP 367 Petroleum products - Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of testIP 598 Petroleum products - Determination of the smoke point of kerosine, manual and automated methodNOTE 1Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Pet
8、roleum (now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, nrefined petroleum distillate, generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionDifferent grades are characterized by volatility ranges, freeze
9、 point, and by flash point.3.1.2 kerosine, nrefined petroleum distillate, boiling between 140 and 300C, generally used in lighting and heatingapplications.3.1.2.1 Discussion1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is th
10、e direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014February 2015. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 20122014as D1322 12D1322 14.1. DOI: 10.1520/D1322-14.10.1520/D
11、1322-14A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish
12、St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes
13、accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
14、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Different grades are characterized by volatility ranges and sulfur content.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 smoke point, nthe maximum height, in millimetres, of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick
15、-fed lamp of specifieddesign.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smokepoint. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved with the test fuel without smoking is determined to the nearest 0.5 mmw
16、ith the manual apparatus and to the nearest 0.1 mm with the automated apparatus.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine fuelsin a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon typ
17、e composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromaticthe fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel.Because radiant he
18、at transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts ofgas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.6. Apparatus6.1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual), as shown in Fig. 1 and
19、described in detail in Annex A1.FIG. 1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual)D1322 14a26.2 Smoke Point Lamp (Automated)4, in addition to the basic components described in AnnexA1, as shown in Fig. 2, automatedunits also shall be equipped with a digital camera connected to a computer to analyze and record the hei
20、ght of the flame, a candledisplacement system to adjust the height of the flame, and a barometric pressure acquisition system associated to a calibrationdatabase to select the right calibration value for the automatic calculation of the correction factor defined in 10.1.2.6.2.1 The digital camera as
21、sociated to its dedicated software shall have a minimum resolution of 0.05 mm for the flame heightmeasurement.6.2.2 Due to the vastly superior resolution of the digital camera compared to the human eye, smoke point shall be measuredby the automated unit when available. In case of dispute between res
22、ults from manual and automated methods, the referee shallbe considered the automated method.6.3 BarometerWith accuracy of 60.5 kPa.6.4 Wick, of woven solid circular cotton of ordinary quality, having the following characteristics:Casing 17 ends, 66 tex by 3Filling 9 ends, 100 tex by 4Weft 40 tex by
23、2Picks 6 per centimetre6.5 Pipettes or Burettes, Class A.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Toluene, ASTM Reference Fuel grade. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.1.)7.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), minimum purity 99.75 mass %. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See AnnexA2.2.)7.3 Meth
24、anol (methyl alcohol), anhydrous. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.3.)7.4 Reference Fuel Blends, appropriate to the fuels under test, prepared accurately from toluene and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, inaccordance with the compositions given in Table 1, by means of calibrated burettes or pi
25、pettes, with a precision of60.2% or better.7.5 Heptane, minimum purity 99 mass %. (WarningExtremely flammable, vapor harmful if inhaled. (See Annex A2.4.)8. Sampling and Preparation of Samples8.1 It is recommended samples shall be taken by the procedures described in Practice D4057. Use the sample a
26、s received.Allowall samples to come to ambient temperature (20 6 5C), without artificial heating. If the sample is hazy or appears to containforeign material, filter through qualitative filter paper.4 The sole source of supply of the automated apparatus known to the committee at this time isAD syste
27、ms (www.adsystems-), model SP10 Smoke Point, availablefrom AD systems, Alle de Cindais, P.A. Portes de la Suisse Normande, 14320 Saint-Andr-sur-Orne, France. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive caref
28、ul consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you mayattend.FIG. 2 Smoke Point Principle (Automated)D1322 14a39. Preparation of ApparatusManual Apparatus9.1 Place the lamp in a vertical position in a room where it can be completely protected from drafts. Carefully insp
29、ect each newlamp to ensure that the air holes in the gallery and the air inlets to the candle holder are all clean, unrestricted, and of proper size.The gallery shall be so located that the air holes are completely unobstructed.NOTE 2Slight variations in these items all have a marked effect on the p
30、recision of the result obtained.9.1.1 If the room is not completely draft-free, place the lamp in a vertical position in a box constructed of heat-resistant material(not containing asbestos), open at the front. The top of the box shall be at least 150 mm above the top of the chimney and the insideof
31、 the box painted dull black.Automated Apparatus9.2 Prepare the apparatus according to the manufacturers instructions.9.3 Extract all wicks, either new or from a previous determination, for at least 25 cycles in an extractor, using a mixture of equalvolumes of toluene and anhydrous methanol. Allow th
32、e wicks to dry partially in a hood before placing in the oven, or use aforced-draft and explosion-proof oven for drying wicks, or both. Dry for 30 min at 100 to 110C, and store in a dessicator untilused.9.3.1 Extracted wicks are commercially available and may be used, provided that they have been ce
33、rtified as being extractedby the procedure outlined in 9.3. Store purchased extracted wicks in a desiccator over desiccant until use. After use, extract thesewicks as in 9.3 before using again.10. Calibration of ApparatusManual Apparatus10.1 Confirm calibration of the apparatus in accordance with 10
34、.1.3 or calibrate, if needed, in accordance with 10.1.1 prior tofirst use of the day. Recalibrate when there has been a change in the apparatus or operator, or when a change of more than 0.7 kPaoccurs in the barometric pressure reading.10.1.1 Calibrate the apparatus by testing two of the reference f
35、uel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified inSection 11 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the sample. If this is not possible, use the two test blends having theirsmoke points nearest to the smoke point of the sample.10.1.2 Determine the correction factor, f, for the ap
36、paratus from the equation:f 5A s A d!1B s B d!2 (1)where:As = the standard smoke point of the first reference fuel blend,Ad = the smoke point determined for the first reference fuel blend,Bs = the standard smoke point of the second reference fuel blend, andBd = the smoke point determined for the sec
37、ond reference fuel blend.If the smoke point determined for the test fuel exactly matches the smoke point determined for a reference fuel blend, use asthe second bracketing reference fuel the reference fuel blend with the next higher smoke point, if there is one. Otherwise, use theone with the next c
38、losest smoke point.10.1.3 An alternative approach to confirm calibration of the apparatus is for each operator to run a control sample each day theapparatus is in use. Record the results and compare the average from the database of the control sample using control charts orequivalent statistical tec
39、hniques. If the difference exceeds the control limits or when new apparatus is used, then the apparatus mustbe recalibrated.TABLE 1 Reference Fuel BlendsStandard Smoke Point at101.3 kPa Toluene 2,2,4-trimethylpentanemm % (V/V) % (V/V)14.7 40 6020.2 25 7522.7 20 8025.8 15 8530.2 10 9035.4 5 9542.8 0
40、100D1322 14a4Automated Apparatus10.2 The apparatus shall have a calibration database for the storage of the reference fuel blends values specified in Table 1. Eachcalibration test performed with the reference fuel blends shall be stored in this database in addition with the barometric pressureobserv
41、ed at the moment the calibration was performed.10.2.1 The apparatus shall have the capability to automatically calculate the correction factor f according to Eq 1 byautomatically selecting in its calibration database the reference fuel blends values specified in Table 1, using the procedurespecified
42、 in Section 12 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the sample. If this is not possible, it shall use the two testblend results having their smoke points nearest to the smoke point of the sample.NOTE 3The digital camera and the associated software replace the operator eyes for the observa
43、tion of the flame. Consequently it is not necessaryto recalibrate the apparatus when there has been a change in the operator.10.2.2 Record the barometric pressure and check in the calibration database that the instrument has been calibrated at thatrecorded pressure 60.7 kPa. If no calibration values
44、 exist for the seven blends specified in Table 1 at the pressure observed 60.7kPa, calibrate the apparatus in accordance with 10.2.3. If calibration values exist for the seven blends specified in Table 1, in otherwords, if the instrument has been already calibrated at the pressure observed, check th
45、e apparatus in accordance with 10.2.4.NOTE 4Because the automated apparatus stores the smoke points obtained with the reference fuels at different barometric pressures, it is not necessaryto recalibrate the apparatus when a change of more than 0.7 kPa occurs in the barometric pressure reading. Depen
46、ding on the barometric pressure enteredat the test initiation, the apparatus will automatically use the correct stored values obtained with the fuel blends. If the correct values are not yet stored,the apparatus will prompt the operator in order to perform the calibration at the pressure observed.10
47、.2.3 Calibrate the apparatus by testing the seven reference fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified inSection 11.10.2.4 At regular intervals of not more than seven days or when there has been a change in the apparatus, verify that theapparatus is performing properly by using a qu
48、ality control (QC) sample that is representative of the fuel(s) routinely tested by thelaboratory to confirm that the apparatus is in statistical control following the guidelines given in Practice D6299. If the differenceexceeds the control limits, recalibrate the apparatus.11. Procedure11.1 Soak a
49、piece of extracted and dried wick, not less than 125 mm long, in the sample and place it in the wick tube of thecandle (Fig. 3). Carefully ease out any twists arising from this operation. In cases of dispute, or of referee tests, always use a newwick, prepared in the manner specified in 9.3.11.1.1 It is advisable to resoak the burning-end of the wick in the sample after the wick is inserted in the wick tube.11.2 Introduce as near to 20 mL of the prepared sample as available, but not less than 10 mL, at room temperature, into theclean, dr
