1、Designation:D151885(Reapproved 2003) Designation: D1518 11Standard Test Method forThermal Transmittance of Textile MaterialsThermalResistance of Batting Systems Using a Hot Plate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1518; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、 year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis standard replaces D1518-85, Thermal Transmitta
3、nce of Textile Materials. This standardprovides a method for measuring the thermal resistance (insulation) provided by battings andbatting/fabric systems under still air conditions or an air flow condition. Other hot plate standardsF1868 and ISO 11092 provide a method for measuring the thermal resis
4、tance and evaporativeresistance of fabrics and fabric systems. The method for measuring fabric insulation in these standardsis comparable to Option 2: Air Velocity Condition in D1518. These standards can be used to comparethe thermal properties of textile materials. Manikin standards F1291 and F2370
5、 can be used tomeasure and compare the thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of clothing systems,respectively. Manikin standard F1720 can be used to measure the insulation provided by sleeping bagsystems.1. Scope1.1This test method covers the determination of the overall thermal transmission
6、 coefficients due to the combined action ofconduction, convection, and radiation for dry specimens of textile fabrics, battings, and other materials within the limits specifiedin Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance, under steady-state conditions, of battings an
7、dbatting/fabric systems, and other materials within the limits specified in 1.2. It measures the time rate of heat transfer from a warm,dry, constant-temperature, horizontal flat-plate up through a layer of the test material to a relatively calm, cool atmosphere. . Itmeasures the heat transfer from
8、a warm, dry, constant-temperature, horizontal flat-plate up through a layer of the test material toa cool atmosphere and calculates the resistance of the material. The measurements are made under still air conditions (Option #1)or with a horizontal air flow over the specimen (Option #2).1.2 For prac
9、tical purposes, this test method is limited to determinations on specimens of fabrics, layered fabric assemblies, andbattings having thermal transmittances ( UFor practical purposes, this test method is limited to determinations on specimens of battings and layeredbatting/fabric assemblies having an
10、 intrinsic thermal resistance from 0.1 to 1.5 Km2, as defined in 3.1.2) within a range of 0.7 to 14 W/m2K andthicknesses not in excess of 50 mm.1.3The coefficients obtained apply strictly only to the particular specimens tested and for the specified thermal andenvironmental conditions of each test.
11、This test method gives values that are valid for comparison under the same conditions oftest, that is, with the specified air velocity, temperature difference between the warm plate and the cool air, and air gap formeasuring cool air temperature.1.4The values stated in metric units are to be regarde
12、d as the standard. Conversion factors, for thermal conductance andconductivity and thermal resistance and resistivity, to other units in common use are given in Tables 1-5 /W and thicknesses notin excess of 50 mm.1.3 This test method also provides a method for determining the bulk density of the mat
13、erial, the insulation per unit thickness,and the insulation per unit weight.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses1This test method is under t
14、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Chemical Conditioning andPerformance.Current edition approved July 26, 1985. Published September 1985. Originally published as D151857T. Last previous edition D151877. DOI: 10.1520/D1518-85R0
15、3.onConditioning and, Chemical and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published February 2011. Originally published as D1518 57 T. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D1518 85(2003). DOI:10.1520/D1518-11.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to prov
16、ide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the
17、standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
18、regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1777Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials 3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of FabricF1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a
19、 Heated ManikinF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF1720 Test Method for Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a Heated ManikinF1868 Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot PlateF2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evapo
20、rative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 11092 TextilesPhysiological EffectsMeasurement of Thermal and Water-Vapour Resistance Under Steady-StateConditions (Sweating Guarded-Hotplate Test)ISO 9073-2 TextileTest Methods for NonwovensPart 2: Determination of Thickne
21、ss3. Terminology3.1Definitions:3.1.1bulk density, napparent mass per unit volume.3.1.1.1DiscussionIn testing the thermal transmittance of fabrics, bulk density is calculated from the fabric weight per unit areaand the thickness value used to calculate thermal conductivity.3.1.2clo, nunit of thermal
22、resistance defined as the insulation required to keep a resting man (producing heat at the rate of 58W/m2) comfortable in an environment at 21C, air movement 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typical indoor clothing.,(Syn. intrinsic clo).3.1.2.1DiscussionNumerically the clo is equal to 0.1
23、55 Km2/W.3.1.3heat transfer coeffcient, nsee thermal transmittance.3.1.4intrinsic clo, nsee clo.3.1.5specific clo, nthe specific thermal resistance in clo units per unit thickness.3.1.6thermal conductance, nsee thermal transmittance.3.1.7thermal conductivity, ntime rate of unidirectional heat transf
24、er per unit area, in the steady-state, between parallel planesseparated by unit distance, per unit difference of temperature of the planes.3.1.7.1DiscussionNumerically, thermal conductivity equals the product of the heat transfer coefficient and the distanceseparating the planes. Thus, k, the therma
25、l conductivity of the fabric only, is the product of U2and the fabric thickness. Units ofthermal conductivity are W/mK.3.1.8thermal resistance, nreciprocal of thermal transmittance.3.1.9thermal resistivity, nreciprocal of thermal conductivity.3.1.10thermal transmittance, ntime rate of unidirectional
26、 heat transfer per unit area, in the steady-state, between parallelplanes, per unit difference of temperature of the planes (Syn. thermal conductance, heat transfer coefficient).3.1.10.1DiscussionThermal transmittance is expressed as watts per square metre of test specimen per kelvin differencebetwe
27、en the hot plate and the cool atmosphere (W/m2K).Thermal transmittance for three different cases is determined in this method:U1= combined thermal transmittance of the test specimen and air.Ubp= thermal transmittance of the plate without fabric cover (“bare plate”). This property reflects the instru
28、ment constant andis used to standardize the plate, and, in conjunction with U1, is used in the calculation of U23.1The following terms are relevant to this standard: bulk density, clo, thermal resistance, thermal insulation.3.2For terminology relating to thermal resistance and insulation see Termino
29、logy F1494. U2=thermal trasponds to tASTM andthe assumpbare plate aExperimentwhen tested3.1.11total clo, nthe intrinsic clo plus the thermal resistance from the air boundary.3.1.12For definitions of other textile terms used in this method, refer to Terminology3.3 For terminology relating to textiles
30、 see Terminology D123.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3American Society of Heating, Refrige
31、rating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D1518 1123.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1effective insulation ratio, nindicates the increase in insulation aff
32、orded by the fabric in comparison to the uncovered testplate under specified conditions of test.3.2.2mean temperature, nthe average of the hot plate temperature and the temperature of the calm, cool air that prevailedduring the test.4. Significance and Use4.1The thermal transmittance of a fabric or
33、batting is of considerable importance in determining its suitability for use infabricating cold weather protective gear and clothing. The thermal interchange between man and his environment is, however, anextremely complicated subject which involves many factors in addition to the equilibrium insula
34、tion values of fabrics and battings.Therefore, measured thermal transmittance coefficients can only indicate relative merit of a particular material.4.2The measurement of heat transfer coefficients is a very difficult and highly technical field, and it is not practical in a testmethod of this scope
35、to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions of Test MethodD1518 may lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat flow, temperaturemeasurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departu
36、res from the instructions are significant. Standardizationof the method reduces, but does not eliminate the need for such technical knowledge. Any significant departures are to be reportedwith the results.4.3Test Method D1518 for the determination of the thermal transmittance of textile materials is
37、 considered satisfactory foracceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile materials because the test method has been used in the trade for acceptancetesting. And it is the best test method known for this purpose.4.3.1In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported results when usin
38、g Test Method D1518 for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical biasbetween their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the t
39、woparties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of thetype in question. The test specimens should then be sent to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-te
40、st for paired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two partiesbefore testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agreeto interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.4.1 The thermal
41、resistance of a batting or batting/fabric system is of considerable importance in determining its suitability foruse in fabricating cold weather protective clothing, sleeping bags, and bedding systems. The thermal interchange between man andhis environment is, however, an extremely complicated subje
42、ct which involves many factors in addition to the insulation valuesof fabrics and battings. Therefore, measured thermal insulation values can only indicate relative merit of a particular material.5. Interferences5.1 Departures from the instructions of this test method may lead to significantly diffe
43、rent test results. Technical knowledgeconcerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures fromthe instructions are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate the need for such technicalknowledge
44、. Report any departures from the instructions of Test Method D1518 with the results.6. Apparatus (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3)NOTE 1The drawings, illustrations, and illustrationscaptions are intendedprovided as suggested designs possible design concepts only. The finaldesign of equipment, including n
45、ecessary wiring, will be dictated by the choice of the electrical measuring and control equipment.5.16.1 Hot PlateA guard ring guarded flat plate composed of a test plate, guard ring, and bottom plate as follows, eachelectrically maintained at a constant temperature in the range of human skin temper
46、ature 33(33 to 36C (91.4 to 98.8F). 38C).5.1.16.1.1 Test PlateThe test plate portion of the hot plate shall be at least 150254 mm (6.0(10.0 in.) square and shall beplaced at the center of the upper surface of the hot-plate assembly. It shall be made of aluminum or copper and painted with a dullblack
47、 coating to approximate the emissivity of the human skin. The heating element shall consist of parallel wires, preferably ofconstantan metal, insulated from, butbe uniformly distributed over the entire area of the test plate, mounted within 3 mm (0.1 in.)of the upper plate surface and well-thermally
48、 coupled to it.5.1.26.1.2 Guard RingThe guard ring bordering the test plate shall be at least 63.5127 mm (2.5(5.0 in.) in width and shallbe of the same thickness, composition, and type of construction as the test plate. It shall be coplanar with the test plate, and shallbe separated from it by means
49、 of a strip of cork or other suitable insulating material approximately 3-mm (0.1-in.) wide. The guardring shall be designed to prevent lateral loss of heat from the test plate.5.1.36.1.3 Bottom PlateThe bottom plate shall be of the same thickness, composition, and type of construction as the test plateand guard ring. The bottom plate shall be in a plane parallel to the test plate and guard ring, and at a distance of at least 25 mm(1.0 in.) but not in excess of 75 mm (3.0 in.) beneath them. It shall be separated from the test plate and gu
