1、Designation: D 1535 07Standard Practice forSpecifying Color by the Munsell System1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colorsof objects
3、 in terms of the Munsell color order system, a systembased on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, andchroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such aspainted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer havingnormal color vision. This practice provides a simple visualmethod as an
4、alternative to the more precise and more complexmethod based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (seePractices E 308 and E 1164). Provision is made for conversionof CIE data to Munsell notation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its u
5、se. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Dif
6、fusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD 3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Toler-ancesE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color Evaluation3. Terminology3.1 Terms an
7、d definitions in Terminology E 284 are appli-cable to this practice.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 Munsell notation, n(1) the Munsell hue, value, andchroma assigned to the color of a specimen by visuallycomparing the specimen to the chips in the Munsell Book ofColor;3(2) a notation in the Munsell color syste
8、m, derivedfrom luminous reflectance factor Y and chromaticity coordi-nates x and y, in the CIE system for standard illuminant C,bythe use of scales defined by the Optical Society of AmericaSubcommittee on the Spacing of the Munsell Colors (1).43.2.1.1 DiscussionThe Munsell notation is written as aco
9、mbination of letters and numbers by which the color of anopaque object may be specified with respect to Munsell hue H,Munsell value V, and Munsell chroma C, written in the form HV/C.3.2.2 hue, nthe attribute of color perception by means ofwhich a color is judged to be red, orange, yellow, green, blu
10、e,purple, or intermediate between adjacent pairs of these, con-sidered in a closed ring (red and purple being an adjacent pair).3.2.3 Munsell hue, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the hue of a specimen viewedin daylight.3.2.3.1 DiscussionTwo systems of designating M
11、unsellhue are shown in Fig. 1, a letter-number system and anall-number system. The two systems are equivalent, but theletter-number system is preferred, because it requires no priorknowledge or memory of the correspondence of numbers tohues. The hue circle is graduated in steps judged visually to be
12、approximately equal.3.2.4 lightness, nthe attribute of color perception bywhich a non-self-luminous body is judged to reflect more orless light.3.2.5 Munsell value, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the lightness of a specimenviewed in daylight, on a scale extending
13、from 0 for ideal blackto 10 for ideal white, in steps that are visually approximatelyequal in magnitude.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.07 on Color OrderSystems.Current edition approved July 1,
14、 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedin 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 1535 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
15、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from GretagMacbeth, 617 Little Britain Road, New Windsor, NY12553-6148.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
16、ohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAchromatic or neutral colors are des-ignated N followed by the value notation, thus: N 5.61/.3.2.6 chroma, nthe attribute of color used to indicate thedegree of departure of the color from a neutral color of thesame lightness.3.2.7 Munsell chro
17、ma, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the degree of departure of acolor from a gray of the same Munsell value, in steps that arevisually approximately equal in magnitude.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 Munsell surface-color perception solid,
18、na spatialrepresentation of colors in the form of a cylindrical coordinatesystem based on the three perceptual attributes: hue, lightnessand chroma.3.3.1.1 Discussion(1) This solid (see Fig. 2 (2) forms thebasis of the Munsell notation in which Munsell hue corre-sponds to hue, Munsell value correspo
19、nds to lightness, andMunsell chroma corresponds to chroma. The central, verticalaxis dimension represents neutral colors, ranging from black atthe bottom, through a gradation of grays, to white at the top.The lightness of a color perceived as chromatic (not gray) isrepresented by the distance above
20、the base plane. Hue isrepresented by the angular position about this axis (seeDiscussion (2). Chroma is represented by the perpendiculardistance from the central axis. If the observer has normal colorvision, is adapted to daylight, and views the specimen illumi-nated by CIE source C or D65, against
21、a medium gray to whitebackground, the Munsell value of the specimen correlates wellwith the observers perception of the lightness of the color.Under the same conditions, the Munsell hue correlates wellwith the observers perception of hue and the Munsell chromawith the perception of chroma.3.3.1.2 Di
22、scussion(2) Although the original system pro-posed by Munsell was a left-handed coordinate system, thesystem is often represented as a right-handed system because itfacilitates comparison to the CIE chromaticity diagram, takento be right-handed.3.3.2 Munsell hue circle, na spatial representation of
23、theMunsell hue sectors on a circle, where the angular spacingrepresents a uniform scaling of hue; see Fig. 2.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists,engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing ordesired color. It is used in the natural scie
24、nces to record thecolors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as humancomplexion, flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used tospecify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, when instrumental color measurement isnot economical. The Munsell system is widely use
25、d for colortolerancing, even when instrumentation is employed (seePractice D 3134). It is common practice to have color chipsmade to illustrate an aim color and the just tolerable deviationsfrom that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chipsbeing called a Color Tolerance Set. A color tole
26、rance setexhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyoneinvolved in the selection, production, and acceptance of thecolor can directly perceive the intent of the specification,before bidding to supply the color or starting production. Acolor tolerance set may be measured to establish in
27、strumentaltolerances. Without extensive experience, it may be impossibleto visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from colormeasurement, but by this practice, the numbers can be trans-lated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplifiedby colored chips for visual examination. This color
28、-ordersystem is the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of DesignatingColors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as theUniversal Color Language, which associates color names, inthe English language, with Munsell notations (3).5. Apparatus5.1 Munsell Book of Color, matte or glossy edition.35.2 Gray Mas
29、ks, with rectangular openings the size of thechips in the Munsell Book of Color.5.3 Daylight Illuminating Equipment, as described in Prac-tice D 1729.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 This practice does not cover the preparation of testspecimens. If preparation is necessary, see other ASTM stan-da
30、rds covering the appropriate materials or agree amonginterested parties on what the procedure shall be.7. Munsell Notation by Visual Means7.1 Lighting and Viewing Conditions:7.1.1 Specimens must be examined by an observer withnormal color vision.7.1.2 For critical applications, use daylight illumina
31、tingequipment as described in Practice D 1729.7.1.3 If the lighting equipment described in Practice D 1729is not available, natural daylight can be used to obtain notationshaving accuracy adequate for many purposes.7.2 Procedure:7.2.1 When using daylight illuminating equipment, followthe lighting an
32、d viewing recommendations of Practice D 1729.7.2.2 When determining the Munsell notation with naturaldaylight, select a window through which the sun is not shining.A north window is usually used in the northern hemisphere,and a south window is usually used in the southern hemisphere.Place a working
33、surface at the window so the light reaches thesurface from the observers side, chiefly from the sky, and atangles centering on 45 above the horizontal. Place a canopy ofblack cloth above the working surface to prevent errors causedby the ceiling or other objects being reflected from the surfaceof th
34、e specimens, or by light other than daylight falling on thework surface. Place the specimen on a neutral medium gray towhite background, where it is uniformly illuminated by day-light. View the specimen along a direction just far enough fromthe normal to avoid reflection of your forehead. Although 4
35、5illumination and perpendicular viewing are recommended bythe CIE, converse conditions are equivalent if a black mattesurface is placed opposite the observer to minimize the amountof light reflected from the specimen surface.7.2.3 If both matte and glossy editions of the Munsell Bookof Color are ava
36、ilable, use the one having gloss most like thespecimen. Select the two adjacent Munsell constant-hue chartsor chips between which the hue of the specimen lies. Place oneD1535072on each side of the specimen. Cover the specimen and chartswith the gray masks so the specimen and one chip from eachchart
37、can be seen. Move the masks from chip to chip to find thechips most like the specimen. The glossy chips are removable.Remove them and place immediately adjacent to the specimen.Estimate, in the following order, the value, the chroma, and thehue, by interpolation or extrapolation of the notations on
38、thechips, as described in 7.2.3.1 to 7.2.3.3. Interchange thepositions of the charts, repeat the estimations, and average theresults.7.2.3.1 ValueFind the chips between which the value ofthe specimen lies. Estimate the value of the specimen to thenearest tenth of the one-value-step interval between
39、adjacentvalue levels and record it, for example, 4.2.7.2.3.2 ChromaMove the masks to present successivecolors of the same chroma and, by interpolation or extrapola-tion, determine the Munsell chroma. Pay chief attention to theMunsell chips having values nearest that of the specimen andsecondary atte
40、ntion to those next nearest.Although all Munsellchips of the same Munsell chroma are intended to appear tohave the same perceptual chroma, a slightly different estimateof chroma may be obtained by comparison with the chips of thenext value. In such cases, average the estimated Munsellchromas. Note t
41、hat there are usually two chroma steps betweenadjacent columns of a chart. Estimate chroma to the nearestfifth of the 2-chroma interval and record it, for example, 6.4.7.2.3.3 HueEstimate the hue of the specimen by interpo-lation between the chips of the nearest Munsell value andchroma in the select
42、ed hue charts. Estimate to the nearest fifthof the 2.5-hue steps between adjacent hue charts and record it,for example, 4.5 R. (The tenth step of one hue sector is the zeroof the next. The 10 is used; the zero is not.) If the value andchroma of the specimen do not correspond closely to those ofany c
43、hip, repeat the interpolation of hue with the next closestpair of chips and record the average or estimate the hue asbeing closer to that of one or the other of the selected pairs ofchips.7.2.3.4 The Munsell notation for the hue H, the value V,and the chroma C, is written in the form HV/C. Using the
44、examples given, the Munsell notation would be written 4.5 R4.2/6.4.8. Munsell Color Notation from CIE MeasurementNOTE 1The CIE results for the specimen must be based upon colormeasurements in which the specular component was excluded, and withcalculations made using the 1931 2 standard observer and
45、illuminant C.8.1 ProcedureConvert the luminous reflectance, Y, andthe chromaticity coordinates, x, y, of the specimen to Munsellcolor notation by use of Table 1 and Figs. 3-16.5Table 2contains the numerical data from Ref (1) upon which Figs.3-16 were based.NOTE 2For further information concerning Fi
46、gs. 3-7, Fig. 9, Fig. 11,Fig. 13, Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 see Newhall, et al. (1). For further informationconcerning Fig. 8 and Fig. 10, see I. Nimeroff (2).NOTE 3The luminous reflectance in the original reference (1) wasmeasured relative to Magnesium Oxide. The luminous reflectance valuesin Table 2 wer
47、e changed so that it is relative to the perfect reflectingdiffuser.8.2 In Table 1, find the value, V, equivalent to the luminousreflectance, Y. Use Figs. 3-16 to estimate hue and chroma forvalue levels above and below the value found and linearlyinterpolate the hues and chromas for the desired value
48、 level. Ifthe required value level differs from the nearest level by 0.05or less, simply use the hue and chroma for the nearest level.8.3 Munsell Notation of Dark Colors If the Munsell valueis less than 1.0, use the extension of the Munsell system to verydark colors (4). Table 3 contains the numeric
49、al data from Ref(4) for 40 hues at values 0.8/, 0.6/, 0.4/, and 0.2/ and chromasup to the theoretical pigment limits.NOTE 4The luminous reflectance in the original reference (4) wasmeasured relative to Magnesium Oxide. The luminous reflectance in Table3 was changed so that it is relative to the perfect reflecting diffuser.8.4 Table 1 was derived from the following relationships(5):For Y#0.9: V 5 UYW(1)For Y$0.9: V 5 AY1/3 B C/DY E!21 F1 G/YH1 Jsin KY1/31 1!1 M/Y!sinNY 2!# P/QY!sin SY T!#where:A = 2.49268B = 1.5614C = 0.985D = 0.1073E =
