1、Designation: D1535 13Standard Practice forSpecifying Color by the Munsell System1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colorsof objects in
3、 terms of the Munsell color order system, a systembased on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, andchroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such aspainted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer havingnormal color vision. This practice provides a simple visualmethod as an alt
4、ernative to the more precise and more complexmethod based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (seePractices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversionof CIE data to Munsell notation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. I
5、t is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely
6、-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss TolerancesE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation3. Terminology3.1 Terms and definiti
7、ons in Terminology E284 are appli-cable to this practice.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 Munsell notation, n(1) the Munsell hue, value, andchroma assigned to the color of a specimen by visuallycomparing the specimen to the chips in the Munsell Book ofColor;3(2) a notation in the Munsell color system, derivedf
8、rom luminous reflectance factor Y and chromaticity coordi-nates x and y, in the CIE system for standard illuminant C,bythe use of scales defined by the Optical Society of AmericaSubcommittee on the Spacing of the Munsell Colors(1).43.2.1.1 DiscussionThe Munsell notation is written as acombination of
9、 letters and numbers by which the color of anopaque object may be specified with respect to Munsell hue H,Munsell value V, and Munsell chroma C, written in the form HV/C.3.2.2 hue, nthe attribute of color perception by means ofwhich a color is judged to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue,purple, or
10、 intermediate between adjacent pairs of these, con-sidered in a closed ring (red and purple being an adjacent pair).3.2.3 Munsell hue, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the hue of a specimen viewedin daylight.3.2.3.1 DiscussionTwo systems of designating Munsellhue ar
11、e shown in Fig. 1, a letter-number system and anall-number system. The two systems are equivalent, but theletter-number system is preferred, because it requires no priorknowledge or memory of the correspondence of numbers tohues. The hue circle is graduated in steps judged visually to beapproximatel
12、y equal.3.2.4 lightness, nthe attribute of color perception bywhich a non-self-luminous body is judged to reflect more orless light.3.2.5 Munsell value, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the lightness of a specimenviewed in daylight, on a scale extending from 0 for i
13、deal blackto 10 for ideal white, in steps that are visually approximatelyequal in magnitude.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAchromatic or neutral colors are des-ignated N followed by the value notation, thus: N 5.61/.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the
14、direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.07 on Color OrderSystems.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D1535 12a. DOI:10.1520/D1535-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
15、orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Munsell, 4300 44th Street SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49512,.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of refer
16、ences at the end ofthis standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.6 chroma, nthe attribute of color used to indicate thedegree of departure of the color from a neutral color of thesame lightness.3.2.7 Munsell chroma
17、, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the degree of departure of acolor from a gray of the same Munsell value, in steps that arevisually approximately equal in magnitude.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 Munsell surface-color perception solid, na
18、 spatialrepresentation of colors in the form of a cylindrical coordinatesystem based on the three perceptual attributes: hue, lightnessand chroma.3.3.1.1 Discussion(1) This solid (see Fig. 2(2) forms thebasis of the Munsell notation in which Munsell hue corre-sponds to hue, Munsell value corresponds
19、 to lightness, andMunsell chroma corresponds to chroma. The central, verticalaxis dimension represents neutral colors, ranging from black atthe bottom, through a gradation of grays, to white at the top.The lightness of a color perceived as chromatic (not gray) isrepresented by the distance above the
20、 base plane. Hue isrepresented by the angular position about this axis (seeDiscussion (2). Chroma is represented by the perpendiculardistance from the central axis. If the observer has normal colorvision, is adapted to daylight, and views the specimen illumi-nated by CIE source C or D65, against a m
21、edium gray to whitebackground, the Munsell value of the specimen correlates wellwith the observers perception of the lightness of the color.Under the same conditions, the Munsell hue correlates wellwith the observers perception of hue and the Munsell chromawith the perception of chroma.3.3.1.2 Discu
22、ssion(2) Although the original system pro-posed by Munsell was a left-handed coordinate system, thesystem is often represented as a right-handed system because itfacilitates comparison to the CIE chromaticity diagram, takento be right-handed.3.3.2 Munsell hue circle, na spatial representation of the
23、Munsell hue sectors on a circle, where the angular spacingrepresents a uniform scaling of hue; see Fig. 2.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists,engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing ordesired color. It is used in the natural science
24、s to record thecolors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as humancomplexion, flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used tospecify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, when instrumental color measurement isnot economical. The Munsell system is widely used f
25、or colortolerancing, even when instrumentation is employed (seePractice D3134). It is common practice to have color chipsmade to illustrate an aim color and the just tolerable deviationsfrom that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chipsbeing called a Color Tolerance Set. A color toleranc
26、e setexhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyoneinvolved in the selection, production, and acceptance of thecolor can directly perceive the intent of the specification,FIG. 1 Designation Systems for Munsell HueD1535 132before bidding to supply the color or starting production. Acolo
27、r tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumentaltolerances. Without extensive experience, it may be impossibleto visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from colormeasurement, but by this practice, the numbers can be trans-lated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplifiedby c
28、olored chips for visual examination. This color-ordersystem is the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of DesignatingColors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as theUniversal Color Language, which associates color names, inthe English language, with Munsell notations (3).5. Apparatus5.1 Munsell Book
29、of Color, matte or glossy edition.35.2 Gray Masks, with rectangular openings the size of thechips in the Munsell Book of Color.5.3 Daylight Illuminating Equipment, as described in Prac-tice D1729.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 This practice does not cover the preparation of testspecimens. If pr
30、eparation is necessary, see other ASTM stan-dards covering the appropriate materials or agree amonginterested parties on what the procedure shall be.7. Munsell Notation by Visual Means7.1 Lighting and Viewing Conditions:7.1.1 Specimens must be examined by an observer withnormal color vision.7.1.2 Fo
31、r critical applications, use daylight illuminatingequipment as described in Practice D1729.7.1.3 If the lighting equipment described in Practice D1729is not available, natural daylight can be used to obtain notationshaving accuracy adequate for many purposes.7.2 Procedure:7.2.1 When using daylight i
32、lluminating equipment, followthe lighting and viewing recommendations of Practice D1729.7.2.2 When determining the Munsell notation with naturaldaylight, select a window through which the sun is not shining.A north window is usually used in the northern hemisphere,and a south window is usually used
33、in the southern hemisphere.Place a working surface at the window so the light reaches thesurface from the observers side, chiefly from the sky, and atangles centering on 45 above the horizontal. Place a canopy ofblack cloth above the working surface to prevent errors causedby the ceiling or other ob
34、jects being reflected from the surfaceof the specimens, or by light other than daylight falling on thework surface. Place the specimen on a neutral medium gray towhite background, where it is uniformly illuminated by day-light. View the specimen along a direction just far enough fromthe normal to av
35、oid reflection of your forehead. Although 45illumination and perpendicular viewing are recommended bythe CIE, converse conditions are equivalent if a black mattesurface is placed opposite the observer to minimize the amountof light reflected from the specimen surface.7.2.3 If both matte and glossy e
36、ditions of the Munsell Bookof Color are available, use the one having gloss most like thespecimen. Select the two adjacent Munsell constant-hue chartsor chips between which the hue of the specimen lies. Place oneon each side of the specimen. Cover the specimen and chartswith the gray masks so the sp
37、ecimen and one chip from eachchart can be seen. Move the masks from chip to chip to find theFIG. 2 Dimensions of the Surface-Color-Perception SolidD1535 133chips most like the specimen. The glossy chips are removable.Remove them and place immediately adjacent to the specimen.Estimate, in the followi
38、ng order, the value, the chroma, and thehue, by interpolation or extrapolation of the notations on thechips, as described in 7.2.3.1 to 7.2.3.3. Interchange thepositions of the charts, repeat the estimations, and average theresults.7.2.3.1 ValueFind the chips between which the value ofthe specimen l
39、ies. Estimate the value of the specimen to thenearest tenth of the one-value-step interval between adjacentvalue levels and record it, for example, 4.2.7.2.3.2 ChromaMove the masks to present successivecolors of the same chroma and, by interpolation orextrapolation, determine the Munsell chroma. Pay
40、 chief atten-tion to the Munsell chips having values nearest that of thespecimen and secondary attention to those next nearest. Al-though all Munsell chips of the same Munsell chroma areintended to appear to have the same perceptual chroma, aslightly different estimate of chroma may be obtained byco
41、mparison with the chips of the next value. In such cases,average the estimated Munsell chromas. Note that there areusually two chroma steps between adjacent columns of a chart.Estimate chroma to the nearest fifth of the 2-chroma intervaland record it, for example, 6.4.7.2.3.3 HueEstimate the hue of
42、the specimen by interpo-lation between the chips of the nearest Munsell value andchroma in the selected hue charts. Estimate to the nearest fifthof the 2.5-hue steps between adjacent hue charts and record it,for example, 4.5R. (The tenth step of one hue sector is the zeroof the next. The 10 is used;
43、 the zero is not.) If the value andchroma of the specimen do not correspond closely to those ofany chip, repeat the interpolation of hue with the next closestpair of chips and record the average or estimate the hue asbeing closer to that of one or the other of the selected pairs ofchips.7.2.3.4 The
44、Munsell notation for the hue H, the value V, andthe chroma C, is written in the form HV/C. Using the examplesgiven, the Munsell notation would be written 4.5R 4.2/6.4.8. Munsell Color Notation from CIE MeasurementNOTE 1The CIE results for the specimen must be based upon colormeasurements in which th
45、e specular component was excluded, and withcalculations made using the 1931 2 standard observer and illuminant C.8.1 ProcedureConvert the luminous reflectance, Y, andthe chromaticity coordinates, x, y, of the specimen to Munsellcolor notation by use of Table 1 and Figs. 3-16.5Table 2contains the num
46、erical data from Ref (1) upon which Figs.3-16 were based.NOTE 2For further information concerning Figs. 3-7, Fig. 9, Fig. 11,Fig. 13, Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 and see Newhall, et al. (1). For furtherinformation concerning Fig. 8 and Fig. 10, see I. Nimeroff (2).NOTE 3The luminous reflectance in the origi
47、nal reference (1) wasmeasured relative to Magnesium Oxide. The luminous reflectance valuesin Table 2 were changed so that it is relative to the perfect reflectingdiffuser.8.2 In Table 1, find the value, V, equivalent to the luminousreflectance, Y. Use Figs. 3-16 to estimate hue and chroma forvalue l
48、evels above and below the value found and linearlyinterpolate the hues and chromas for the desired value level. Ifthe required value level differs from the nearest level by 0.05or less, simply use the hue and chroma for the nearest level.8.3 Munsell Notation of Dark ColorsIf the Munsell valueis less
49、 than 1.0, use the extension of the Munsell system to verydark colors (4). Table 3 contains the numerical data from Ref(4) for 40 hues at values 0.8/, 0.6/, 0.4/, and 0.2/ and chromasup to the theoretical pigment limits.NOTE 4The luminous reflectance in the original reference (4) wasmeasured relative to Magnesium Oxide.The luminous reflectance in Table3 was changed so that it is relative to the perfect reflecting diffuser.8.4 Munsell Notation of Light ColorsIf the Munsell value,V, of the target color is greater than 9, use Fig. 15 and
