1、Designation: D 1535 08Standard Practice forSpecifying Color by the Munsell System1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colorsof objects
3、 in terms of the Munsell color order system, a systembased on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, andchroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such aspainted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer havingnormal color vision. This practice provides a simple visualmethod as an
4、alternative to the more precise and more complexmethod based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (seePractices E 308 and E 1164). Provision is made for conversionof CIE data to Munsell notation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its u
5、se. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Dif
6、fusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD 3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Toler-ancesE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color Evaluation3. Terminology3.1 Terms an
7、d definitions in Terminology E 284 are appli-cable to this practice.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 Munsell notation, n(1) the Munsell hue, value, andchroma assigned to the color of a specimen by visuallycomparing the specimen to the chips in the Munsell Book ofColor;3(2) a notation in the Munsell color syste
8、m, derivedfrom luminous reflectance factor Y and chromaticity coordi-nates x and y, in the CIE system for standard illuminant C,bythe use of scales defined by the Optical Society of AmericaSubcommittee on the Spacing of the Munsell Colors (1).43.2.1.1 DiscussionThe Munsell notation is written as aco
9、mbination of letters and numbers by which the color of anopaque object may be specified with respect to Munsell hue H,Munsell value V, and Munsell chroma C, written in the form HV/C.3.2.2 hue, nthe attribute of color perception by means ofwhich a color is judged to be red, orange, yellow, green, blu
10、e,purple, or intermediate between adjacent pairs of these, con-sidered in a closed ring (red and purple being an adjacent pair).3.2.3 Munsell hue, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the hue of a specimen viewedin daylight.3.2.3.1 DiscussionTwo systems of designating M
11、unsellhue are shown in Fig. 1, a letter-number system and anall-number system. The two systems are equivalent, but theletter-number system is preferred, because it requires no priorknowledge or memory of the correspondence of numbers tohues. The hue circle is graduated in steps judged visually to be
12、approximately equal.3.2.4 lightness, nthe attribute of color perception bywhich a non-self-luminous body is judged to reflect more orless light.3.2.5 Munsell value, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the lightness of a specimenviewed in daylight, on a scale extending
13、from 0 for ideal blackto 10 for ideal white, in steps that are visually approximatelyequal in magnitude.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.07 on Color OrderSystems.Current edition approved Jan. 1,
14、 2008. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 1535 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the s
15、tandards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from GretagMacbeth, 617 Little Britain Road, New Windsor, NY12553-6148.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
16、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed Sep 3 21:44:45 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAchromatic or neutral colors are des-ignated N followed by the
17、value notation, thus: N 5.61/.3.2.6 chroma, nthe attribute of color used to indicate thedegree of departure of the color from a neutral color of thesame lightness.3.2.7 Munsell chroma, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the degree of departure of acolor from a gray of
18、 the same Munsell value, in steps that arevisually approximately equal in magnitude.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 Munsell surface-color perception solid, na spatialrepresentation of colors in the form of a cylindrical coordinatesystem based on the three perceptual attribut
19、es: hue, lightnessand chroma.3.3.1.1 Discussion(1) This solid (see Fig. 2 (2) forms thebasis of the Munsell notation in which Munsell hue corre-sponds to hue, Munsell value corresponds to lightness, andMunsell chroma corresponds to chroma. The central, verticalaxis dimension represents neutral color
20、s, ranging from black atthe bottom, through a gradation of grays, to white at the top.The lightness of a color perceived as chromatic (not gray) isrepresented by the distance above the base plane. Hue isrepresented by the angular position about this axis (seeDiscussion (2). Chroma is represented by
21、the perpendiculardistance from the central axis. If the observer has normal colorvision, is adapted to daylight, and views the specimen illumi-nated by CIE source C or D65, against a medium gray to whitebackground, the Munsell value of the specimen correlates wellwith the observers perception of the
22、 lightness of the color.Under the same conditions, the Munsell hue correlates wellwith the observers perception of hue and the Munsell chromawith the perception of chroma.3.3.1.2 Discussion(2) Although the original system pro-posed by Munsell was a left-handed coordinate system, thesystem is often r
23、epresented as a right-handed system because itfacilitates comparison to the CIE chromaticity diagram, takento be right-handed.3.3.2 Munsell hue circle, na spatial representation of theMunsell hue sectors on a circle, where the angular spacingrepresents a uniform scaling of hue; see Fig. 2.4. Signifi
24、cance and Use4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists,engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing ordesired color. It is used in the natural sciences to record thecolors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as humancomplexion, flowers, foliage, soils, and min
25、erals. It is used tospecify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, when instrumental color measurement isnot economical. The Munsell system is widely used for colortolerancing, even when instrumentation is employed (seePractice D 3134). It is common practice to have color
26、 chipsmade to illustrate an aim color and the just tolerable deviationsfrom that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chipsbeing called a Color Tolerance Set. A color tolerance setexhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyoneinvolved in the selection, production, and accepta
27、nce of thecolor can directly perceive the intent of the specification,before bidding to supply the color or starting production. Acolor tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumentaltolerances. Without extensive experience, it may be impossibleto visualize the meaning of numbers resulting f
28、rom colormeasurement, but by this practice, the numbers can be trans-lated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplifiedby colored chips for visual examination. This color-ordersystem is the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of DesignatingColors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as theUn
29、iversal Color Language, which associates color names, inthe English language, with Munsell notations (3).5. Apparatus5.1 Munsell Book of Color, matte or glossy edition.35.2 Gray Masks, with rectangular openings the size of thechips in the Munsell Book of Color.5.3 Daylight Illuminating Equipment, as
30、 described in Prac-tice D 1729.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 This practice does not cover the preparation of testspecimens. If preparation is necessary, see other ASTM stan-dards covering the appropriate materials or agree amonginterested parties on what the procedure shall be.7. Munsell Notat
31、ion by Visual Means7.1 Lighting and Viewing Conditions:7.1.1 Specimens must be examined by an observer withnormal color vision.7.1.2 For critical applications, use daylight illuminatingequipment as described in Practice D 1729.7.1.3 If the lighting equipment described in Practice D 1729is not availa
32、ble, natural daylight can be used to obtain notationshaving accuracy adequate for many purposes.7.2 Procedure:7.2.1 When using daylight illuminating equipment, followthe lighting and viewing recommendations of Practice D 1729.7.2.2 When determining the Munsell notation with naturaldaylight, select a
33、 window through which the sun is not shining.A north window is usually used in the northern hemisphere,and a south window is usually used in the southern hemisphere.Place a working surface at the window so the light reaches thesurface from the observers side, chiefly from the sky, and atangles cente
34、ring on 45 above the horizontal. Place a canopy ofblack cloth above the working surface to prevent errors causedby the ceiling or other objects being reflected from the surfaceof the specimens, or by light other than daylight falling on thework surface. Place the specimen on a neutral medium gray to
35、white background, where it is uniformly illuminated by day-light. View the specimen along a direction just far enough fromthe normal to avoid reflection of your forehead. Although 45illumination and perpendicular viewing are recommended bythe CIE, converse conditions are equivalent if a black mattes
36、urface is placed opposite the observer to minimize the amountof light reflected from the specimen surface.7.2.3 If both matte and glossy editions of the Munsell Bookof Color are available, use the one having gloss most like thespecimen. Select the two adjacent Munsell constant-hue chartsor chips bet
37、ween which the hue of the specimen lies. Place oneD1535082Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed Sep 3 21:44:45 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.on each side of the specimen. Cover the specimen and chartswith
38、the gray masks so the specimen and one chip from eachchart can be seen. Move the masks from chip to chip to find thechips most like the specimen. The glossy chips are removable.Remove them and place immediately adjacent to the specimen.Estimate, in the following order, the value, the chroma, and the
39、hue, by interpolation or extrapolation of the notations on thechips, as described in 7.2.3.1 to 7.2.3.3. Interchange thepositions of the charts, repeat the estimations, and average theresults.7.2.3.1 ValueFind the chips between which the value ofthe specimen lies. Estimate the value of the specimen
40、to thenearest tenth of the one-value-step interval between adjacentvalue levels and record it, for example, 4.2.7.2.3.2 ChromaMove the masks to present successivecolors of the same chroma and, by interpolation or extrapola-tion, determine the Munsell chroma. Pay chief attention to theMunsell chips h
41、aving values nearest that of the specimen andsecondary attention to those next nearest.Although all Munsellchips of the same Munsell chroma are intended to appear tohave the same perceptual chroma, a slightly different estimateof chroma may be obtained by comparison with the chips of thenext value.
42、In such cases, average the estimated Munsellchromas. Note that there are usually two chroma steps betweenadjacent columns of a chart. Estimate chroma to the nearestfifth of the 2-chroma interval and record it, for example, 6.4.7.2.3.3 HueEstimate the hue of the specimen by interpo-lation between the
43、 chips of the nearest Munsell value andchroma in the selected hue charts. Estimate to the nearest fifthof the 2.5-hue steps between adjacent hue charts and record it,for example, 4.5 R. (The tenth step of one hue sector is the zeroof the next. The 10 is used; the zero is not.) If the value andchroma
44、 of the specimen do not correspond closely to those ofany chip, repeat the interpolation of hue with the next closestpair of chips and record the average or estimate the hue asbeing closer to that of one or the other of the selected pairs ofchips.7.2.3.4 The Munsell notation for the hue H, the value
45、 V,and the chroma C, is written in the form HV/C. Using theexamples given, the Munsell notation would be written 4.5 R4.2/6.4.8. Munsell Color Notation from CIE MeasurementNOTE 1The CIE results for the specimen must be based upon colormeasurements in which the specular component was excluded, and wi
46、thcalculations made using the 1931 2 standard observer and illuminant C.8.1 ProcedureConvert the luminous reflectance, Y, andthe chromaticity coordinates, x, y, of the specimen to Munsellcolor notation by use of Table 1 and Figs. 3-16.5Table 2contains the numerical data from Ref (1) upon which Figs.
47、3-16 were based.NOTE 2For further information concerning Figs. 3-7, Fig. 9, Fig. 11,Fig. 13, Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 see Newhall, et al. (1). For further informationconcerning Fig. 8 and Fig. 10, see I. Nimeroff (2).NOTE 3The luminous reflectance in the original reference (1) wasmeasured relative to Mag
48、nesium Oxide. The luminous reflectance valuesin Table 2 were changed so that it is relative to the perfect reflectingdiffuser.8.2 In Table 1, find the value, V, equivalent to the luminousreflectance, Y. Use Figs. 3-16 to estimate hue and chroma forvalue levels above and below the value found and lin
49、earlyinterpolate the hues and chromas for the desired value level. Ifthe required value level differs from the nearest level by 0.05or less, simply use the hue and chroma for the nearest level.8.3 Munsell Notation of Dark Colors If the Munsell valueis less than 1.0, use the extension of the Munsell system to verydark colors (4). Table 3 contains the numerical data from Ref(4) for 40 hues at values 0.8/, 0.6/, 0.4/, and 0.2/ and chromasup to the theoretical pigment limits.NOTE 4The luminous reflectance in the original reference (4) wasmeasured relative
