1、Designation:D153512 Designation: D1535 12aStandard Practice forSpecifying Color by the Munsell System1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying th
3、e colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system basedon the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfacesviewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simpl
4、e visual method as an alternative tothe more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164).Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
5、 associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
6、 Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss TolerancesE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation3. Termino
7、logy3.1 Terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are applicable to this practice.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 Munsell notation, n(1) the Munsell hue, value, and chroma assigned to the color of a specimen by visually comparingthe specimen to the chips in the Munsell Book of Color;3(2) a notation in the Mun
8、sell color system, derived from luminousreflectance factor Y and chromaticity coordinates x and y, in the CIE system for standard illuminant C, by the use of scales definedby the Optical Society of America Subcommittee on the Spacing of the Munsell Colors (1).43.2.1.1 DiscussionThe Munsell notation
9、is written as a combination of letters and numbers by which the color of an opaqueobject may be specified with respect to Munsell hue H, Munsell value V, and Munsell chroma C, written in the form H V/C.3.2.2 hue, nthe attribute of color perception by means of which a color is judged to be red, orang
10、e, yellow, green, blue, purple,or intermediate between adjacent pairs of these, considered in a closed ring (red and purple being an adjacent pair).3.2.3 Munsell hue, nan attribute of color used in the Munsell color system to indicate the hue of a specimen viewed indaylight.3.2.3.1 DiscussionTwo sys
11、tems of designating Munsell hue are shown in Fig. 1, a letter-number system and an all-numbersystem. The two systems are equivalent, but the letter-number system is preferred, because it requires no prior knowledge ormemory of the correspondence of numbers to hues. The hue circle is graduated in ste
12、ps judged visually to be approximately equal.3.2.4 lightness, nthe attribute of color perception by which a non-self-luminous body is judged to reflect more or less light.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcom
13、mittee E12.07 on Color OrderSystems.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published February 2012. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1535081. DOI:10.1520/D1535-12.Current edition approved July 15, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally approved in 1958. Last p
14、revious edition approved in 2012 as D1535 12. DOI:10.1520/D1535-12A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM
15、 website.3Available from Munsell, 4300 44th Street SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49512, .4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what cha
16、nges have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the offi
17、cial document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.5 Munsell value, nan attribute of color used in the Munsell color system to indicate the lightness of a specimen viewedin daylight, on a scale extending from 0 for idea
18、l black to 10 for ideal white, in steps that are visually approximately equal inmagnitude.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAchromatic or neutral colors are designated N followed by the value notation, thus: N 5.61/.3.2.6 chroma, nthe attribute of color used to indicate the degree of departure of the color from a n
19、eutral color of the samelightness.3.2.7 Munsell chroma, nan attribute of color used in the Munsell color system to indicate the degree of departure of a colorfrom a gray of the same Munsell value, in steps that are visually approximately equal in magnitude.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This S
20、tandard:3.3.1 Munsell surface-color perception solid, na spatial representation of colors in the form of a cylindrical coordinate systembased on the three perceptual attributes: hue, lightness and chroma.3.3.1.1 Discussion(1) This solid (see Fig. 2 (2) forms the basis of the Munsell notation in whic
21、h Munsell hue correspondsto hue, Munsell value corresponds to lightness, and Munsell chroma corresponds to chroma. The central, vertical axis dimensionrepresents neutral colors, ranging from black at the bottom, through a gradation of grays, to white at the top. The lightness of acolor perceived as
22、chromatic (not gray) is represented by the distance above the base plane. Hue is represented by the angularposition about this axis (see Discussion (2). Chroma is represented by the perpendicular distance from the central axis. If theobserver has normal color vision, is adapted to daylight, and view
23、s the specimen illuminated by CIE source C or D65, against amedium gray to white background, the Munsell value of the specimen correlates well with the observers perception of thelightness of the color. Under the same conditions, the Munsell hue correlates well with the observers perception of hue a
24、nd theMunsell chroma with the perception of chroma.3.3.1.2 Discussion(2) Although the original system proposed by Munsell was a left-handed coordinate system, the system isoften represented as a right-handed system because it facilitates comparison to the CIE chromaticity diagram, taken to beright-h
25、anded.3.3.2 Munsell hue circle, na spatial representation of the Munsell hue sectors on a circle, where the angular spacing representsa uniform scaling of hue; see Fig. 2.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists, engineers, and government regulators, to spec
26、ify an existing or desiredcolor. It is used in the natural sciences to record the colors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as human complexion,flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used to specify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, wheninstrumental colo
27、r measurement is not economical. The Munsell system is widely used for color tolerancing, even wheninstrumentation is employed (see Practice D3134). It is common practice to have color chips made to illustrate an aim color andthe just tolerable deviations from that color in hue, value, and chroma, s
28、uch a set of chips being called a Color Tolerance Set.Acolor tolerance set exhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyone involved in the selection, production, andacceptance of the color can directly perceive the intent of the specification, before bidding to supply the color or start
29、ingproduction. A color tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumental tolerances. Without extensive experience, it may beimpossible to visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from color measurement, but by this practice, the numbers can betranslated to the Munsell color-order system, whi
30、ch is exemplified by colored chips for visual examination. This color-order systemis the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as the Universal ColorLanguage, which associates color names, in the English language, with Munsell notations (3).5. Ap
31、paratus5.1 Munsell Book of Color, matte or glossy edition.35.2 Gray Masks, with rectangular openings the size of the chips in the Munsell Book of Color.5.3 Daylight Illuminating Equipment, as described in Practice D1729.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 This practice does not cover the preparation
32、 of test specimens. If preparation is necessary, see other ASTM standardscovering the appropriate materials or agree among interested parties on what the procedure shall be.7. Munsell Notation by Visual Means7.1 Lighting and Viewing Conditions:7.1.1 Specimens must be examined by an observer with nor
33、mal color vision.7.1.2 For critical applications, use daylight illuminating equipment as described in Practice D1729.7.1.3 If the lighting equipment described in Practice D1729 is not available, natural daylight can be used to obtain notationshaving accuracy adequate for many purposes.7.2 Procedure:
34、7.2.1 When using daylight illuminating equipment, follow the lighting and viewing recommendations of Practice D1729.7.2.2 When determining the Munsell notation with natural daylight, select a window through which the sun is not shining. Anorth window is usually used in the northern hemisphere, and a
35、 south window is usually used in the southern hemisphere. PlaceD1535 12a2a working surface at the window so the light reaches the surface from the observers side, chiefly from the sky, and at anglescentering on 45 above the horizontal. Place a canopy of black cloth above the working surface to preve
36、nt errors caused by theceiling or other objects being reflected from the surface of the specimens, or by light other than daylight falling on the worksurface. Place the specimen on a neutral medium gray to white background, where it is uniformly illuminated by daylight. Viewthe specimen along a dire
37、ction just far enough from the normal to avoid reflection of your forehead. Although 45 illuminationand perpendicular viewing are recommended by the CIE, converse conditions are equivalent if a black matte surface is placedopposite the observer to minimize the amount of light reflected from the spec
38、imen surface.7.2.3 If both matte and glossy editions of the Munsell Book of Color are available, use the one having gloss most like thespecimen. Select the two adjacent Munsell constant-hue charts or chips between which the hue of the specimen lies. Place one oneach side of the specimen. Cover the s
39、pecimen and charts with the gray masks so the specimen and one chip from each chart canbe seen. Move the masks from chip to chip to find the chips most like the specimen. The glossy chips are removable. Remove themand place immediately adjacent to the specimen. Estimate, in the following order, the
40、value, the chroma, and the hue, byinterpolation or extrapolation of the notations on the chips, as described in 7.2.3.1 to 7.2.3.3. Interchange the positions of the charts,repeat the estimations, and average the results.7.2.3.1 ValueFind the chips between which the value of the specimen lies. Estima
41、te the value of the specimen to the nearesttenth of the one-value-step interval between adjacent value levels and record it, for example, 4.2.7.2.3.2 ChromaMove the masks to present successive colors of the same chroma and, by interpolation or extrapolation,determine the Munsell chroma. Pay chief at
42、tention to the Munsell chips having values nearest that of the specimen and secondaryattention to those next nearest. Although all Munsell chips of the same Munsell chroma are intended to appear to have the sameperceptual chroma, a slightly different estimate of chroma may be obtained by comparison
43、with the chips of the next value. In suchcases, average the estimated Munsell chromas. Note that there are usually two chroma steps between adjacent columns of a chart.Estimate chroma to the nearest fifth of the 2-chroma interval and record it, for example, 6.4.7.2.3.3 HueEstimate the hue of the spe
44、cimen by interpolation between the chips of the nearest Munsell value and chroma inthe selected hue charts. Estimate to the nearest fifth of the 2.5-hue steps between adjacent hue charts and record it, for example,4.5R. (The tenth step of one hue sector is the zero of the next. The 10 is used; the z
45、ero is not.) If the value and chroma of thespecimen do not correspond closely to those of any chip, repeat the interpolation of hue with the next closest pair of chips andrecord the average or estimate the hue as being closer to that of one or the other of the selected pairs of chips.7.2.3.4 The Mun
46、sell notation for the hue H, the value V, and the chroma C, is written in the form HV/C. Using the examplesgiven, the Munsell notation would be written 4.5 R 4.2/6.4.8. Munsell Color Notation from CIE MeasurementNOTE 1The CIE results for the specimen must be based upon color measurements in which th
47、e specular component was excluded, and withcalculations made using the 1931 2 standard observer and illuminant C.8.1 ProcedureConvert the luminous reflectance, Y, and the chromaticity coordinates, x, y, of the specimen to Munsell colornotation by use of Table 1 and Figs. 3-16.5Table 2 contains the n
48、umerical data from Ref (1) upon which Figs. 3-16 were based.NOTE 2For further information concerning Figs. 3-7, Fig. 9, Fig. 11, Fig. 13, Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 see Newhall, et al. (1). For further informationconcerning Fig. 8 and Fig. 10, see I. Nimeroff (2).NOTE 3The luminous reflectance in the origi
49、nal reference (1) was measured relative to Magnesium Oxide. The luminous reflectance values in Table2 were changed so that it is relative to the perfect reflecting diffuser.8.2 In Table 1, find the value, V, equivalent to the luminous reflectance, Y. Use Figs. 3-16 to estimate hue and chroma for valuelevels above and below the value found and linearly interpolate the hues and chromas for the desired value level. If the requiredvalue level differs from the nearest level by 0.05 or less, simply use the hue and chroma for the nearest level
