1、Designation: D 156 07An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSaybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt ChromometerMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test
3、 method covers the determination of the color ofrefined oils such as undyed motor and aviation gasoline, jetpropulsion fuels, naphthas and kerosine, and, in addition,petroleum waxes and pharmaceutical white oils.NOTE 1For determining the color of petroleum products darker thanSaybolt Color 16, see T
4、est Method D 1500.1.2 This test method reports results specific to this testmethod and recorded as, “Saybolt Color units.”1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units andwhich are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information on
5、ly.NOTE 2Oil tubes and apparatus used in this test method havetraditionally been marked in inches, (the tube is required to be etched with18 in. divisions.) The Saybolt Color Numbers are aligned with inch,12 in.,14 in., and18 in. changes in the depth of oil. These fractional inch changesdo not readi
6、ly correspond to SI equivalents and in view of the prepon-derance of apparatus already in use and marked in inches, the inch/poundunit is regarded as the standard. However the test method does use SI unitsof length when the length is not directly related to divisions on the oil tubeand Saybolt Color
7、 Numbers. The test method uses SI units for tempera-ture.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bili
8、ty of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 938 Test Method for Congealing Point of PetroleumWaxes, Including PetrolatumD 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (ASTM Color Scale)D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum
9、Products3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 clear-and-bright, ncondition in which the sample isfree of haze or cloudiness. (Also termed clean-and-bright.)3.1.2 free water, nwater in excess of that soluble in thesample and appearing in the sample as a haze or cloudiness, oras droplets.3.1.3 particula
10、tes, nsmall solid or semisolid particles,sometimes referred to as silt or sediment, that may or may notbe suspended in the sample.3.1.4 turbidity, nreduction of transparency of a sampledue to the presence of particulate matter.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Saybolt coloran
11、empirical definition of the color ofa clear petroleum liquid based on a scale of 16 (darkest)to +30 (lightest). The number is derived by finding the heightof a column of the sample that, when viewed through thelength of the column, visually matches the appropriate one ofthree glass standards and ref
12、erring to Table 1 of Test MethodD 156.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The height of a column of sample is decreased by levelscorresponding to color numbers until the color of the sample isunmistakably lighter than that of the standard. The colornumber above this level is reported, regardless of whether
13、 thesample was darker, questionable, or a match at the higher level.5. Significance and Use5.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is usedmainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an importantquality characteristic since color is readily observed by the userof the product. In som
14、e cases the color may serve as an1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05.0C on Color and Reactivity.Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved i
15、n 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 15602e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1
16、*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.indication of the degree of refinement of the material.When thecolor range of a particular product is known, a variation
17、 outsidethe established range may indicate possible contamination withanother product. However, color is not always a reliable guideto product quality and should not be used indiscriminately inproduct specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 The Saybolt chromometer consisting of sample andstandard tubes, opti
18、cal system, light source, and color stan-dards, is described in detail in Annex A1 and illustrated in Fig.A1.1.7. Standardization of Apparatus7.1 Remove the glass disk from the bottom of the oil tube.Clean the disk, oil tube, and plain tube. When deposits are notremovable by wiping or solvent rinsin
19、g, wash with soap andwater. After cleaning, rinse with distilled or deionized waterand with acetone or some other suitable solvent, and dry.Assemble the oil tube, and position the tubes in the instrument.7.2 Using the specified light source and illumination, ob-serve the comparative light intensity
20、of the two halves of theoptical field, with both tubes empty, and with the 12-mmdiaphragm removed from under the plain tube. The intensity oflight observed in each half of the optical field must be thesame. Adjustment in the position of the light source may benecessary to achieve this match.NOTE 3On
21、 some instruments, removal of the 12mm diaphragm canprevent the assembly from seating against the base (about a14 in. gap),which can let a lot of stray light in that may affect the light intensity whentrying to compare the two halves of the optical field in 7.2. If this occurs,follow the procedure i
22、n 7.3 (where the 12mm diaphragm has beenreattached) as the basis to ensure the light source has been properly set toprovide the same light intensity in both halves of the optical field.7.3 Replace the 12-mm diaphragm under the plain tube, andfill the oil tube to the 20 in. (508-mm) mark with distill
23、ed ordeionized water. The intensity of the light observed in each halfof the optical field must be the same, for the instrument to bejudged satisfactory for use. The optical properties of glass,from different batches, can vary significantly and it is recom-mended that only matched tubes, such as des
24、cribed in theAppendix, be used in this test. When a tube is broken, replaceboth tubes with a matched pair of tubes.8. Sampling8.1 Samples shall be taken in accordance with the instruc-tions in Practice D 4057.9. Preparation of Test Specimen9.1 Samples (Excluding Waxes)If the sample is containedin a
25、clear, transparent container, such as glass bottle, visuallycheck the sample for evidence of free water, particulatecontamination, and haze by holding the container up to thelight. If the sample is contained in a nontransparent container,transfer a portion to a clear, transparent container to conduc
26、tthe visual inspection before proceeding.9.2 Wax SamplesCarry out the same procedure in 9.1,except that the sample is to be heated to a temperaturecorresponding to the range specified in 11.1 to ensure thesample is liquid. (WarningTake appropriate safety precau-tions in handling the sample at elevat
27、ed temperatures.)9.3 When the sample is not clear-and-bright (that is, visualinspection in 9.1 or 9.2 shows any presence of turbidity, freewater, or particulates, or a combination thereof), filter througha sufficient number of qualitative filter papers until it is clear.For wax samples requiring fil
28、tration, it will be necessary toheat the filter paper and apparatus (for example, a filter funnel)that can come in contact with the molten sample to atemperature in the range specified in 11.1 to prevent the samplefrom solidifying during the filtration process.TABLE 1 Saybolt Colors Corresponding to
29、 Depths of OilNumber of ColorStandardsDepth of Oil, in. (mm) Color NumberNumber of ColorStandardsDepth of Oil,in. (mm)Color NumberOne-half 20.00 (508) +30 Two 6.00 (152) +6One-half 18.00 (457) +29 Two 5.75 (146) +5One-half 16.00 (406) +28 Two 5.50 (139) +4One-half 14.00 (355) +27 Two 5.25 (133) +3On
30、e-half 12.00 (304) +26 Two 5.00 (127) +2One 20.00 (508) +25 Two 4.75 (120) +1One 18.00 (457) +24 Two 4.50 (114) 0One 16.00 (406) +23 Two 4.25 (107) 1One 14.00 (355) +22 Two 4.00 (101) 2One 12.00 (304) +21 Two 3.75 (95) 3One 10.75 (273) +20 Two 3.625 (92) 4One 9.50 (241) +19 Two 3.50 (88) 5One 8.25 (
31、209) +18 Two 3.375 (85) 6One 7.25 (184) +17 Two 3.25 (82) 7One 6.25 (158) +16 Two 3.125 (79) 8Two 10.50 (266) +15 Two 3.00 (76) 9Two 9.75 (247) +14 Two 2.875 (73) 10Two 9.00 (228) +13 Two 2.75 (69) 11Two 8.25 (209) +12 Two 2.625 (66) 12Two 7.75 (196) +11 Two 2.50 (63) 13Two 7.25 (184) +10 Two 2.375
32、(60) 14Two 6.75 (171) +9 Two 2.25 (57) 15Two 6.50 (165) +8 Two 2.125 (53) 16Two 6.25 (158) +7D1560729.4 When preparing petroleum wax for testing do not heatexcessively, because oxidation can occur, with consequentdiscoloration of the test specimen.10. Procedure for Refined Light Oils and Pharmaceuti
33、calWhite Oils10.1 Flush the oil tube with a portion of the test specimen,taking care to allow the tube to drain thoroughly. Fill the oiltube with the test specimen compare with a whole colorstandard. When the test specimen is lighter than the colorstandard, remove the standard and replace it with a
34、halfstandard. When the sample is darker than the single wholestandard at 614 in. (158 mm), add another whole standard.(WarningIt is important that all samples in the color tubesbe free from air bubbles.)10.2 With the proper color standard or standards in place,and the test specimen in the oil tube a
35、t a level where its coloris decidedly darker than that of the color standard, draw off thetest specimen slowly by means of the petcock until the oilappears just slightly darker than the color standard. From thispoint, draw the test specimen level down to the nearest depthcorresponding to color numbe
36、r as shown in Table 1. When thecolor of the oil observed through the eyepiece is still darkerthan the color standard, draw the oil down to the next depthgiven in Table 1, and compare. Continue this operation until adepth is reached where the test specimen and color standardmatch, or show questionabl
37、e differences. At this point, lowerthe oil column to the next specified depth and, when the oil isunmistakably lighter than the color standard, record the colorcorresponding to the next higher level as the Saybolt color.10.3 Experience in the use of this instrument will obviatethe necessity of follo
38、wing the step-by-step procedure outlinedin 10.2 for choosing the proper color standards for eachsample. Examples of the procedure are given in Table 2.11. Procedure for Petroleum Wax11.1 Heat the wax test specimen to 8 to 17C above itscongealing point as determined in accordance with TestMethod D 93
39、8. Preheat the oil tube.11.2 Pour the liquid wax into the oil tube; turn the heatingelement off, and, after the heat waves in the test specimen canno longer be noted, obtain the required readings as directed inSection 10.12. Report12.1 Report the recorded color units as “Saybolt color_.” When the sa
40、mple has been filtered, add the words“(sample filtered).”13. Precision and Bias13.1 The precision of this test is not known to have beenobtained in accordance with currently accepted guidelines(Research Report RR: D021007).13.2 The precision of this test method as obtained bystatistical examination
41、of interlaboratory test results is asfollows:13.2.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successivetest results obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating conditions on identical testmaterial would, in the long run, in the normal and correctoperation of the test met
42、hod, exceed the following value onlyin one case in twenty:1 color unit13.2.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent test results obtained by different operatorsworking in different laboratories on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct opera
43、tion ofthe test method exceed the following value only in one case intwenty:2 color units13.3 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of Saybolt Color is subjective and can onlybe defined in terms of this test method.14. Keywords14.1 aviation gasoline; color; jet fuel; ker
44、osine; motorgasoline; oils; petroleum wax; Saybolt Color; white oilsTABLE 2 Example of ProcedureObservationUsing OneWhole ColorStandard, in.(mm)Using TwoWhole ColorStandards,in. (mm)Oil darker at depth of 16 (406) 4.5 (102)Oil darker at depth of 14 (355) 4.25 (107)Oil questionable at depth of 12 (30
45、4) 4.0 (101)Oil lighter at depth of 10.75 (273) 3.75 (95)Saybolt color +21 2D156073ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. APPARATUSA1.1 Saybolt ChromometerA1.1.1 Oil Sample TubeFor testing liquids, use a boro-silicate glass tube, or its equivalent in color characteristics,having an inside diameter of not l
46、ess than 16.5 mm nor morethan 17.5 mm, and an outside diameter of not less than 21.25mm nor more than 22.75 mm. Close the tube at the bottom withan optical clear plano glass disk 6.25 mm thick, free ofstriations and scratches. The tube shall be 508 to 510 mm longfrom the upper surface of the plano d
47、isk to the top of the tube.Mount the tube and disk in a suitable metal collar providedwith a petcock to permit controlled drainage of the tube (Fig.A1.1). Construct the collar in a manner that permits removal ofthe glass disk for cleaning. Graduate the tube with etched18-in.(3.2-mm) divisions. Etch
48、each inch-line completely around thetube, and number them consecutively from the 2-in. (50-mm)line up.A1.1.1.1 The condition and the color of the glass tubes shallbe such that no color difference is observed between the plaintube and the oil tube when the tubes are empty, or when the oiltube is fill
49、ed with distilled or deionized water. Comparisonsshall be made with the tubes positioned in the instrument in themanner described in Section 7.A1.1.2 Wax Sample TubeFor testing petroleum waxes,use an oil tube that meets the specifications prescribed inA1.1.1 and that has a 60-W heater evenly distributed over itsentire length, as shown in Fig. A1.2. Alternative means can beused for keeping the wax in a liquid state and providing ameans for readability of the graduated scale.A1.1.3 Plain TubeUse a glass tube or its equivalent incolor
