1、Designation: D 1695 07Standard Terminology ofCellulose and Cellulose Derivatives1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1695; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definition ofterms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations ofacronyms and symbols specific
3、ally associated with standardsunder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications; SubcommitteeD01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as fol-lows:SectionCellulosic Materials and Constituents
4、3Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose 4Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that areapplicable to both Sections 3 and 452. Referenced Documents2.1 The numerous ASTM Standards to which this standardapplies are found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol06.03.2.2 TAPPI Sta
5、ndards:2TAPPI Method T 203 om-93 Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Cellulose in Pulp3. Cellulosic Materials and Constituentsacetylation pulpspulps used in the manufacture of celluloseacetate or other esters, and subject to various specificationsby the manufacturers, including those of purity, moisturecontent,
6、 sheet properties, and viscosity.alpha-cellulose(1) Historically, a term used to indicate thepure, relative undegraded cellulose found in pulps. (2)Alpha-cellulose content is often measured by TAPPI MethodT 203 om-93 where alpha-cellulose is that portion of thepulp which does not dissolve under the
7、test conditions.alpha pulpssee chemical cellulose.arabana pentosan yielding essentially only arabinose onhydrolysis.arabinogalactana polysaccharide consisting of arabinoseand galactose units, like the water-soluble polysaccharide oflarch.arabinosea pentose that occurs as one of the sugar units insom
8、e hemicelluloses.arabinomethylglucuronoxylana hemicellulose containingarabinose, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, and xylose groups inits structure.beta-cellulose(1) Historically, a term used to indicate impu-rities of moderate chain lengths found in pulps, predomi-nately degraded cellulose. (2) Beta-cell
9、ulose content, asmeasured by TAPPI Method T 203 om-93, is the pulpfraction soluble in caustic, which precipitates upon acidifi-cation.carbohydrates not cellulosethe noncellulosic carbohy-drates of a cellulosic material.cellophane pulpspulps used in the manufacture of cello-phane, and subject to vari
10、ous specifications by the manufac-turers, including those of purity, moisture content, sheetproperties, and viscosity.cellulose(1) the main solid constituent of woody plants; itoccurs widely elsewhere in the vegetable kingdom, and to asmall extent in the animal kingdom. (2) chemically, celluloseis b
11、-1-4 glucan of high degree of polymerization. It isdesirable to apply “cellulose” to this material only and todesignate the predominantly cellulosic residue obtained bysubjecting woody tissues to various pulping processes as“cellulosic residues,” “cellulosic pulps,” or the like.cellulose Ithe crysta
12、lline modification of cellulose thatnormally occurs in nature.cellulose IIthe crystalline modification of cellulose that isfound in mercerized cellulose, in regenerated cellulose, andin cellulose produced by the hydrolysis of various cellulosederivatives.cellulose IIIa crystalline modification of ce
13、llulose producedby treatment, under certain conditions, with ammonia orsometimes by amines. The method of removing the reagentdetermines the modification produced.cellulose IVa crystalline modification of cellulose producedby heat treatment of cellulose II.cellulose Xa crystalline modification of ce
14、llulose producedby treatment of cellulose with strong hydrochloric acid orphosphoric acid.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Deri
15、vatives.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 1695 -96 (2001).2Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.
16、org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.cellulose, purified cottonsee cotton cellulose, purified.cellulose, purified woodsee wood cellulose, purified.chemical cellulosea chemically purified cellulosic materialthat is inte
17、nded for chemical treatment to produce deriva-tives.chemical cottonchemical cellulose prepared from cotton;generally, but not necessarily, cotton linters.chemical pulpsin the paper industry, pulps produced bychemical processes, as contrasted to those produced bymechanical processes. (see also chemic
18、al wood pulp).chemical wood pulpa term used in the paper industry forpulps obtained by digestion of wood with solutions ofvarious chemicals.DISCUSSIONThis term, which refers to pulp produced and purifiedby chemical processes, should not be confused with chemical cellulosewhich refers to pulp that is
19、 to be used in chemical processes.cotton cellulose, purifiedchemical cellulose from cottonfiber or linters. (see also chemical cotton)cotton linterssee linters.dissolving pulpssee pulps, dissolving.extractivescompounds occurring in plant materials, but notforming part of the structural elements, tha
20、t are removedwith neutral solvents such as ether, alcohol, and water.galactana polysaccharide composed essentially of galactoseunits. (see also arabinogalactan)galactoglucomannanone of the hemicelluloses of soft-woods, containing three types of sugar unitsgalactose,glucose, and mannose.galactomannan
21、a polysaccharide containing galactose andmannose units. Galactomannans usually have a long chain ofmannose units with galactose side chains and are found inseed gums (guar, locust bean).gamma-cellulose(1) Historically, a term used to indicateimpurities of short chain lengths found in pulps, predomi-
22、nately hemicelluloses. (2) Gama-cellulose content, as mea-sured by TAPPI Method T 203 om-93, is the pulp fractionsoluble in caustic, which remains in solution upon acidifi-cation.glucana macromolecular substance that can be hydrolyzedto give almost exclusively glucose.glucomannana hemicellulose cons
23、isting essentially of glu-cose and mannose.glucuronoxylana common designation for the xylose-containing hardwood hemicelluloses. (see also methylglu-curonoxylan)hemicelluloseany of a number of cell-wall polysaccharidesthat are removable by extraction with aqueous alkali and thatmay be hydrolyzed by
24、boiling with dilute acids to giveconstituent monosaccharide units; any of the noncellulosiccell-wall polysaccharides.hexosanfrequently used in contradistinction to pentosan, fora polysaccharide consisting mainly of hexose units.holocellulosethe total polysaccharide fraction of extractive-free wood.
25、The method of isolation or of determinationshould always be given.kraft pulppulp cooked by the alkaline liquor consistingessentially of a mixture of caustic soda and sodium sulfide.The make-up chemical is traditionally sodium sulfate, whichis reduced to the sulfide in the chemical recovery process;h
26、ence the alternative designation, sulfate pulp.ligninthat part of plant material which is not saccharified bythe action of 72 % sulfuric acid or 42 % hydrochloric acid,after the resins, waxes, and tannins have been removed.lintersthe short fibrous material adhering to cotton seed afterthe ginning op
27、eration. After removal from the seed it is usedto a limited extent as a fibrous raw material for specialpapers. The principal use, however, is for chemical cellulose,that is, as the raw material for the manufacture of cellulosederivatives.mannanstrictly, a polysaccharide composed entirely ofmannose
28、units, but used conventionally to distinguish thehexosan wood hemicelluloses from the pentosans (xylan).(see also galactoglucomannan and glucomannan)mannogalactansee galactomannan.methylglucuronoxylanthe main hemicellulose of hardwoodpulps; a polysaccharide containing xylose and 4-O-methylglucuronic
29、 acid groups. In the wood it is partiallyacetylated.nitrating pulpspulps used for the manufacture of cellulosenitrate and subject to various specifications by the manufac-turers, including those of alpha-cellulose content and viscos-ity.oligosaccharidespolymeric carbohydrates containing rela-tively
30、few (compared to the polysaccharides) sugar unitsconnected by glycosidal linkages. Two to nine units has beensuggested as a suitable range. For longer chains the polymerscannot be readily separated into individual molecular spe-cies.pectic substratescomplex polysaccharides containing alarge proporti
31、on of galacturonic acid units.pectinscolorless, amorphous, water-soluble polysaccharidesoccurring in plant tissues that yield pectic acid and methanolon hydrolysis.pentosansone of the groups of amorphous carbohydratesincluded under the general term “hemicellulose.” Pentosansyield principally pentose
32、s on acid hydrolysis. The principalpentosan in wood is xylan.polyuronidespolysaccharides containing uronic acidgroups.pulps, dissolvingchemical cellulose from wood pulp.pulps for chemical conversionchemical cellulose fromwood pulp.pulps for manufacture of cellulose derivativeschemicalcellulose from
33、wood pulp.purified cotton cellulosesee cotton cellulose, purified.purified wood cellulosesee wood cellulose, purified.R10the portion of a cellulose pulp that is insoluble in 10 %sodium hydroxide using Test Method D 16963or its equiva-lent.DISCUSSIONR10indicates the pure, relatively undegraded cellul
34、osecontent of pulps, and as such may be compared to alpha-cellulose,although they are determined by different test procedures.rayon pulpspulps used in the manufacture of rayon, and3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03.D1695072subject to various specifications by the manufacturers, in-cluding tho
35、se of purity, moisture content, sheet properties,and viscosity.S10the portion of a cellulose pulp that is soluble in 10 %sodium hydroxide using Test Method D 1696, or its equiva-lent.DISCUSSIONS10is considered to contain both hemicellulose anddegraded, short chain length cellulose (see R10).S18the p
36、ortion of a cellulose pulp that is soluble in 18 %sodium hydroxide using Test Method D 1696, or its equiva-lent.DISCUSSIONS18is considered to be mainly hemicelluloses, and maybe compared to gamma-cellulose, although they are determined bydifferent test procedures.S10S18an estimate of the portion of
37、degraded cellulose in apulp obtained by subtracting S18from S10.DISCUSSIONSome workers use S10to S18as an estimate of thehemicellulose content of pulps, and may be compared to gamma-cellulose, although they are determined by different test procedures.sulfate pulpsee kraft pulp.sulfite pulpwood pulp
38、produced by cooking with a sulfiteliquor made by dissolving sulfur dioxide in an aqueous base.wood cellulose, purifiedchemical cellulose from wood.xylana pentosan giving almost exclusively xylose on hy-drolysis.4. Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulosecarboxymethylcellulose, CMCthe comm
39、on name for acellulose ether of glycolic acid. It is usually marketed as awater-soluble sodium salt, more properly called sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose. In the early literature, it is some-times called cellulose glycolate or cellulose glycolic acid.cellulose acetatein the broad sense, any of several
40、esters ofcellulose and acetic acid. (see also cellulose triacetate)cellulose acetate butyratea mixed ester of cellulose con-taining both acetate and butyrate groups.cellulose acetate phthalatea mixed ester of cellulose con-taining both acetate and phthalate groups.cellulose acetate propionatea mixed
41、 ester of cellulosecontaining both acetate and propionate groups.cellulose derivativea substance derived from cellulose bysubstitution of one or more of the hydroxyl groups withsome other radical. Most derivatives are ethers or esters.cellulose estersderivatives of cellulose in which one or moreof t
42、he hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced acyl groups.cellulose ethersderivatives of cellulose in which one ormore of the hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by alkylgroups.cellulose lacquera liquid coating composition containing asthe basic film-forming ingredient a cellulose ester or etherand pla
43、sticizers with or without resins or pigments.cellulose mixed estera cellulose ester containing more thanone type of acyl group.cellulose nitrateany of various nitrate esters of cellulose.DISCUSSIONCellulose nitrate is often and erroneously called “nitro-cellulose.”cellulose plasticsplastics based on
44、 cellulose compounds,such as esters (cellulose acetate) and ethers (ethylcellulose).cellulose propionateany ester of cellulose with propionicacid.cellulose sodium glycolatesee carboxymethyl cellulose.cellulose triacetatethat form of cellulose acetate in whichthe degree of substitution approaches 3 s
45、ufficiently that theproduct is not soluble in acetone.cellulose xanthatesthe salts of cellulose xanthic acid. Com-monly, cellulose xanthate refers to sodium cellulose xan-thate, the essential constituent of the viscose solution, fromwhich viscose rayon is spun.dopea composition, usually a cellulose
46、lacquer, for applica-tion on textiles and leathers. Also a very viscous crudereaction product, as acetylation dope.ethylcelluloseany of several ethyl ethers of cellulose. Theone most generally used in industry has sufficient substitu-tion to be soluble in organic solvents.hydrocelluloseswater-insolu
47、ble products of the hydrolysisof cellulose with acids. They are molecularly heterogeneousin the sense that they are composed of molecules varying indegree of polymerization. The average degree of polymer-ization (DP) and the DP distribution depend on the nature ofthe acid treatment and of the origin
48、al cellulose. The termmay also be applied to any insoluble polysaccharide soformed and separated as a more or less homogeneousfraction from the mixture of products, but the singular form“hydrocellulose” should not be used without an article, toavoid the implication of a molecularly homogeneous spe-c
49、ies.(2-hydroxyethyl)celluloseany of several cellulose ethers inwhich some of the hydroxyl groups have been substitutedwith hydroxyethyl groups. Hydroxyethyl cellulose, except atvery low degrees of substitution, is water-soluble.(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylcellulosea mixed ether of cellulosecontaining both hydroxyethyl and ethyl groups.(2-hydroxyethyl)methylcellulosea mixed ether of cellulosecontaining both hydroxyethyl and methyl groups.(2-hydroxypropyl)methylcellulosea mixed ether of cellu-lose contain
