1、Designation: D 1761 06Standard Test Methods forMechanical Fasteners in Wood1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1761; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThe use of wood and wood-base materials in many structural and other ap
3、plications often involvesthe use of mechanical fasteners, such as nails, screws, bolts, lag screws, and connectors. Data on thestrength and performance of such fasteners are frequently needed for design and for comparativepurposes. Tests of mechanical fasteners (except nail withdrawal) have been gen
4、erally regarded asspecial tests and have not been included in the standard methods already established for evaluating theproperties of wood. Many such special tests have been extensively used over a considerable period buthave not previously been established as standards. Presented herewith are meth
5、ods of conducting testsfor nail, staple, and screw (except machine screws) withdrawal resistance; lateral load transmission bynail, staple, screw, bolt, and timber connector; and load transmission by nail plates. The use ofstandard methods for these tests is recommended as a means of obtaining compa
6、rable data and ofeliminating variables in test results because of variations in testing methods.The tests appear in the following order:SectionsNail, Staple, or Screw Withdrawal Test 1 to 12Lateral Nail, Staple, or Screw Resistance Test 13 to 20Testing Bolted and Timber Connector Joints 21 to 30Tens
7、ion Tests of Plate-Type Connector Joints 31 to 40Keywords 41NAIL, STAPLE, OR SCREW WITHDRAWAL TEST1. Scope1.1 These test methods provide a basic procedure forevaluating the resistance of wood and wood-base materials todirect withdrawal of nails, staples, and screws. Spikes areincluded as nails in th
8、is standard.1.2 The tests also provide a basis for determining compa-rable performance of different types and sizes of nails, staples,and screws in direct withdrawal from wood and wood-basematerials.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its
9、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of TimberD 2016 Test Methods
10、 for Moisture Content of Wood3D 2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood andWood-Based MaterialsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines2.2 Other Standards:Federal Specification FF-W-92 for Washers, Metal, Flat(Plain)4ANSI B18.6.1 American National Standard for Slotted andRecess
11、ed Head Wood Screws51These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 onWood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.05 on Wood Assem-blies.Current edition approved March 1, 2006. Published March 2006. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 200
12、0 as D 1761 88 (2000)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from Standardiz
13、ation Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
14、28-2959, United States.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Specimens consist of prisms of wood or wood-baseproducts, with nails, staples, or screws driven at right angles toone or more faces. The fasteners are withdrawn at a uniformrate of speed by means of a testing machine, and the maximumload is recorde
15、d. Supplementary physical properties of thewood or wood-base product are also determined.4. Significance and Use4.1 The resistance of a species of wood or a wood-baseproduct to direct withdrawal of nails, staples, or screws is ameasure of its ability to hold or be held to an adjoining objectby means
16、 of such fasteners. Factors that affect this withdrawalresistance include the physical and mechanical properties ofthe wood; the size, shape, and surface condition of thefasteners; the speed of withdrawal; physical changes to woodor fasteners between time of driving and time of withdrawal;orientatio
17、n of fiber axis; and the occurrence and nature ofprebored lead holes.4.2 By using a standard size and type of nail, staple, orscrew, withdrawal resistance of a wood species or woodproduct can be determined, and such values for two or morewood species or wood products can be compared. Throughoutthe m
18、ethod this is referred to as the basic withdrawal test.Similarly, comparative performances of different sizes or typesof nail, staple, or screw can be determined by using a standardprocedure with a particular wood or wood product, whicheliminates the wood or the wood product as a variable. Sincediff
19、erences in test methods can have considerable influence onresults, it is important that a standard procedure be specifiedand adhered to, if test values are to be related to other testresults.5. Apparatus5.1 Testing MachineAny suitable testing machine that iscapable of operation at a constant rate of
20、 motion of themovable head and has an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated inaccordance with Practices E4.5.2 GripsA gripping device shaped to fit the base of thefastener head and of such a design as to allow accuratespecimen positioning and true axial loading, is required. Aclamping assembly that will
21、hold the specimen to one platen ofthe machine is also required. A suitable test mechanism forscrew withdrawal is illustrated in Fig. 1.6. Test Materials6.1 Nails:6.1.1 Nails used for basic withdrawal tests shall be brightplain-shank diamond-point round-wire, low-carbon-steel nailsnominally 0.113 in.
22、 (2.87 mm) in diameter (Note 1). They shallbe cleaned before use to remove any coating or surface filmthat may be present as a result of manufacturing operations andexposure. Each nail shall be used but once.NOTE 1A sixpenny common wire nail meets this requirement.6.1.2 For determining holding abili
23、ty of different sizes ortypes of nails in wood or wood products, the respective sizesand types of nail will be as circumstances dictate. These nailsshall be representative of the normal manufacturing process,and special cleaning of the shank shall normally not beundertaken.6.2 Staples:6.2.1 Staples
24、used for basic leg withdrawal resistance shallbe standard 2 in. (51 mm) long,716 in. (11.1 mm) crown, 15gage (0.072 in.) (1.83 mm) galvanized steel staples. They shallbe cleaned before use. Each staple shall be used but once.6.2.2 For determining holding ability of different types orsizes of staples
25、 in wood or wood products, the respectivestaples shall be representative of the normal manufacturingprocess, and special cleaning of the legs shall not normally beundertaken.6.3 Screws:6.3.1 Screws used for basic withdrawal tests shall be stan-dard 1-in. (25 mm) No. 10-gage flathead low-carbon-steel
26、wood screws as described in the American National Standardfor Slotted and Recessed Head Wood Screws (ANSI B18.6.1).Each screw shall be used but once.6.3.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes andtypes of screws in wood or wood products, the respective sizeand types of screw will be as
27、circumstances dictate. Thesescrews shall be representative of the normal manufacturingprocess.6.4 Wood and Wood ProductsPrisms shall be cut accu-rately and square to the required dimensions, and be plannedsmooth. They shall be of representative density, free of defectsand growth irregularities, and
28、of specified moisture content.7. Sampling7.1 Sampling should provide for selection of representativetest material on an objective and unbiased basis, covering anappropriate range in density and properties as circumstancessuggest.7.2 The tests should be sufficiently extensive to providereliable resul
29、ts. Where analysis by statistical procedures iscontemplated, experience and sometimes advance estimatescan be used to establish the scope of testing and type ofsampling needed to achieve the expected reliability.NOTE 2The precision required, and thus the manner of sampling andnumber of tests, will d
30、epend upon specific objectives. No specific criteriatherefore can be established. General experience indicates that theFIG. 1 Diagram of Assembly for Screw Withdrawal TestD1761062coefficient of variation from tests of fasteners ranges from about 15 to30 %. When such is the case, precision of 5 to 10
31、 %, with 95 % confidence(an often accepted general measure of reliability for testing wood) cannotbe achieved without making a rather large number of tests. The presentrecommendation is to make at least 10 replications for each variable as aminimum requirement.8. Test Specimen8.1 Nail and Staple Wit
32、hdrawal:8.1.1 For basic withdrawal tests from wood, the wood prismshall be 2 by 2 by 6 in. (51 by 51 by 152 mm). Nails of the typeoutlined in 6.1.1 and staples of the type outlined in 6.2.1 shallbe driven at right angles to the face of the specimen to a totalpenetration of 114 in. (32 mm). Two faste
33、ners shall be driveninto a tangential surface, two into a radial surface, and one intoeach end. End and edge distances shall be sufficient to avoidsplitting. In general, edge distances should not be less than34in. (19 mm), end distances not less than 112 in. (38 mm) andtwo fasteners shall not be dri
34、ven in line with each other or lessthan 2 in. (51 mm) apart on radial or tangential faces. Nailsshall be driven manually with a hammer. Staples shall beinserted with an appropriate tool, as nearly as possible perpen-dicular to the specimen surface, with the staple crown at a 45(610) angle to the gra
35、in direction of the prism.8.1.2 For basic withdrawal tests from wood products, thetest prism shall be a single thickness of convenient size notsmaller than 3 in. (76 mm) wide and 6 in. (152 mm) long. Nailsof the type outlined in 6.1.1 and staples of the type outlined in6.2.1 shall be driven through
36、the wood product at right anglesto the face, permitting at least12 in. (13 mm) of the shankportion to remain above the surface. Nails shall be drivenmanually by means of a hammer. Staples shall be inserted withan appropriate tool as in 8.1.1, but if there is no discerniblegrain direction in the wood
37、 product, the staple crown shall beoriented at a 45 (610) angle to the length of the prism.8.1.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-lar sizes and shapes of nails or staples in wood or woodproducts, the specimen shall be of convenient size to accom-modate the quantity of fasteners t
38、o be tested in each specimen,without exceeding the edge and end distances and spacingsnecessary to avoid splitting. In wood, fasteners should bedriven to 70 % of their length; in thin panel wood products theyshould be driven completely through the thickness with at least12 in. (13 mm) of the shank p
39、ortion remaining above thesurface. The fasteners shall be driven by the method intendedto be used in practice, that is, either manually with a hammer,or with an applicator or appropriate tool if this is the normalmethod.8.1.3.1 If the withdrawal resistance may be influenced bythe material through wh
40、ich the fastener is to be driven, thefastener shall be driven through the fastened member (cleat)into the fastening member.8.2 Screw Withdrawal:8.2.1 For basic withdrawal tests from wood, the specimenshall be 2 in. (51 mm) wide, 6 in. (152 mm) long, with depthat least equal to the length of the scre
41、w. Two screws of the typeoutlined in 6.2.1 shall be threaded into lead holes at rightangles to the tangential face, to a total penetration equal to thelength of the threaded portion. End and edge distance shall besufficient to avoid splitting, which in general will be at least34in. (19 mm) from the
42、edge and 112 in. (38 mm) from the end,and spacing will be at least 212 in. (63 mm). The size of thelead hole shall be 70 % of the root diameter of the screw forsoftwoods and hardwoods and shall extend12 in. (13 mm) intothe face of the specimen. The screws may be coated withparaffin wax or other simi
43、lar lubricant when necessary tofacilitate driving.8.2.2 For basic withdrawal tests from wood products, thespecimen shall be 3 in. (76 mm) in width, and 6 in. (152 mm)in length. The depth of the specimen shall be at least equal tothe length of the screw, and it may be necessary to gluetogether two or
44、 more thicknesses of material to provide therequired depth. Screws of the type outlined in 6.2.1 shall bethreaded into the specimen a distance of23 in. (17 mm) atmidwidth, at least 2 in. (51 mm) from the end of the specimen.The size of lead hole shall be 70 % of the root diameter of thescrew and it
45、shall extend12 in. (13 mm) into the face of thespecimen. The screws may be coated with paraffin wax or othersimilar lubricant when necessary to facilitate driving.8.2.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-lar sizes and types of screws in wood or wood products, thespecimen shall be o
46、f convenient size to accommodate thequantity of screws to be tested in each specimen, withoutexceeding the edge and end distances and spacings necessaryto avoid splitting. Screws shall be threaded into the specimenfor the length of the threaded portion of the shank or two thirdsof the shank length i
47、f it is threaded throughout. The size of leadhole, if one is to be drilled, shall be 70 % of the root diameterof the screw for a distance of one half of the screw length.8.2.3.1 If the withdrawal resistance may be influenced bythe material through which the screw is to be threaded thescrew shall be
48、threaded through a held member into the holdingmember.9. Conditioning9.1 Nail, staple, and screw withdrawal tests are normallymade on seasoned material. The wood or wood product,whether kiln dried or air-dried, shall be stored in a room havinga controlled temperature of 206 3C (68 6 6F) and acontrol
49、led relative humidity of 65 6 3 % for a period suffi-ciently long to bring it to approximate equilibrium. Thefasteners shall not be driven until equilibrium is attained in thewood component.9.2 Where required, withdrawal tests may be made on drier,partially seasoned or unseasoned material. It may sometimesbe desired to apply the fasteners to unseasoned material andallow the completed specimen to season prior to withdrawal.As in 9.1 these specimens should attain the desired moistureequilibrium in a controlled atmosphere to ensure uniformmoisture content at the ti
