1、Designation: D187 18Standard Test Method forBurning Quality of Kerosene1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in
2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination ofthe burning prop
3、erties of kerosene to be used for illuminatingpurposes. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)NOTE 1The corresponding Energy Institute (IP) test method is IP 10which features a quantitative evaluation of the wick-char-forming tenden-cies of the kerosene, whereas Test Method D187 features a qualitative
4、performance evaluation of the kerosene. Both test methods subject thekerosene to somewhat more severe operating conditions than would beexperienced in typical designated applications.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisst
5、andard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior
6、 to use.Specific warning statements appear throughout the test method.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
7、mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of LubricatingOilsD3699 Specification for KerosineD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD417
8、5 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP 10 Determination of kerosine burning characteristics24hour method2.3 Other Document:4Formulas for Denatured Alcohol and R
9、um Treasury Dept.,U. S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Publi-cation No. 3683. Terminology3.1 See Terminology D4175 for terms used in this testmethod.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The kerosene sample is burned for 16 h in a specifiedlamp under specified conditions. The average rate of burni
10、ng,the change in the shape of the flame, and the density and colorof the chimney deposit are reported.5. Significance and Use5.1 Since the information provided by this test method islargely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering thefollowing characteristics are required in referring to this
11、 testmethod in specifications for kerosene:5.1.1 Duration of the test: 16 h is understood, if not other-wise specified;5.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape and dimensionsduring the test;5.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chim-ney deposit.1This test method is under the jurisdict
12、ion of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and MarineFuels.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1948. Last previous edi
13、tion approved in 2013 as D187 08 (2013).DOI: 10.1520/D0187-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website
14、.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20401,http:/www.gpo.gov/fdsys.*A Summary of Changes section appe
15、ars at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Princip
16、les for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.16. Apparatus6.1 Lamp Assembly,5conforming essentially to the shapeand dimensions shown in Fig. 1. It is essential to ensure that theburner
17、 fits vertically into the oil reservoir and that the wick-guide has parallel sides and is centrally disposed in relation tothe slot in the dome of the burner. Any distortion of thewick-guide or dome will hinder attainment of the prescribedflame shape and render subsequent qualitative ratings unreli-
18、able.6.2 Wick,519 mm paraffin flat, super quality, containingapproximately 43 ends of three-ply yarn, woven double plainweave with stitching ends, one blue stripe on one face and onegreen stripe on the reverse face, woven with approximately 16picks per 10 mm, and weighing normally 15 g m. Afterweavi
19、ng, the wick shall be boiled in distilled water and driedthoroughly.6.2.1 The wick shall then be made into rolls and left forseven days before it is cut into 200 mm lengths. The lengthsshall then be packed into suitable containers. The ash of thewick shall not exceed 0.4 % by weight.6.3 Sight Gage5A
20、 suitable flame-size measuring device,accurate to 1 mm. The sight gage shown in Fig. 2 is satisfac-tory.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Formula 3A Denatured EthanolSee Formulas forDenatured Alcohol and Rum.7.2 Hydrochloric Acid, Dilute (approximately 6 N).7.3 KeroseneSee Specification D3699.7.4 Precipi
21、tation NaphthaSee Reagent section in TestMethod D91.8. Hazards8.1 Specific Safety Hazards:8.1.1 Formula 3A Denatured Ethanol(WarningFlammable. Denaturedcannot be made nontoxic.)8.1.2 Hydrochloric AcidDilute 6 N.(WarningCausesburns. Vapor harmful.)8.1.3 Kerosene(WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)8.1
22、.4 Precipitation Naphtha(WarningExtremely flam-mable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fire.)8.2 Technical Precautions:5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Stanhope-Seta Limited, Park Close, Englefield Green, Egham, Surrey, EnglandTW20 OXD. If y
23、ou are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.NOTE 1All dimensions shown are in millimetres. Except whereotherwise indi
24、cated, the tolerance for chimney dimensions is 61 mm.FIG. 1 Test Lamp FIG. 2 Sight GageD187 1828.2.1 Test RoomIt is desirable to dedicate a suitable roomfor the exclusive conduct of kerosene burning tests. However,kerosene burning tests can be conducted in any part of a roomthat is adequately ventil
25、ated and reasonably free of drafts.When necessary, the test lamp should be surrounded with asuitable circular shield to protect from drafts. The circularshield is to be constructed of draft-proof material of about600 mm diameter and height.8.2.2 Lamp LocationPlace the test lamps at least 300 mmapart
26、 and 300 mm from any wall or other obstruction.8.2.3 Test TemperatureMaintain test room temperatureabove 15 C and allow the temperature of the kerosene toapproach equilibrium room temperature within at least 5 C.9. Sampling9.1 The fundamental objective of sampling is to obtain asample for testing pu
27、rposes that is truly representative of theentire quantity of a given bulk product tank, batch, shipment,and so forth, at the time and place of sampling.9.2 Thus, the sampling procedures employed are to ensureinitial procurement of a representative sample and also pre-clude subsequent contamination o
28、r deterioration of the sampleduring handling prior to testing. To this end, kerosene samplesfor burning quality testing are to be obtained and handled instrict accordance with Practices D4057 and D4177. Rigorouscompliance with stipulated provisions for precautions, care,and cleanliness during sample
29、 handling is an essential require-ment.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Drain the lamp reservoir completely of any previouskerosene sample (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful),and rinse successively several times with a small portion of thekerosene sample to be tested.10.2 Clean the lamp burner thoro
30、ughly with ASTM precipi-tation naphtha solvent (WarningExtremely flammable.Harmful if inhaled: vapors may cause flash fire), removingcompletely any deposits from the wick-guide, air holes, andducts.10.3 Soak the new chimneys for 24 h in dilute HCl(WarningCauses burns. Vapor harmful) (approximately6
31、N), clean with a test tube brush, rinse thoroughly withdistilled water, and dry completely. Then subject the preparednew chimneys to at least three preliminary 16 h burningperiods. Clean chimneys with detergent and hot water, rinsethoroughly with distilled water, and completely dry betweeneach preli
32、minary burning period. New chimneys are satisfac-tory for use only if the last of the preliminary burning periodsresults in deposits essentially similar to those obtained whenburning the same kerosene for 16 h with seasoned chimneys.Continue preliminary 16 h burning periods and cleanings untilseason
33、ed chimney performance is achieved.10.4 Place several wicks into an insulated Soxhlet extrac-tion apparatus in such a manner as to prevent distortion andextract with boiling water (WarningAvoid skin contactwith exposed hot surfaces by use of protective equipment) for3 h from the end of the first sip
34、honing cycle. Remove the wicksfrom the Soxhlet extraction apparatus, lay flat between sheetsof filter paper, and press gently to remove excess moisture.Extract the wick with Formula 3A denatured ethanol(WarningFlammable. Denaturedcannot be made non-toxic) for 3 h in an uninsulated Soxhlet extraction
35、 apparatus,drain the ethanol as completely as possible from the Soxhletextractor and continue the extraction with ASTM precipitationnaphtha (WarningExtremely flammable. Harmful if in-haled. Vapors may cause flash fire) for 1 h.11. Procedure11.1 Dry the wick in an oven (WarningAvoid skincontact with
36、exposed hot surfaces by use of protective equip-ment) at 105 C for 1 h. While still hot, soak the wick in thesample and insert the wick into the wick guide. Rinse thereservoir several times with the sample. Filter the samplethrough a coarse-textured filter paper, to remove suspendedmatter and pour 9
37、00 mL into the reservoir and assemble thelamp.11.2 Hinge back the dome and chimney, and trim the wickcarefully with sharp scissors to produce a smooth and sym-metrical flame of the standard dimensions shown in Fig. 3.11.3 Trim the wick as follows: With sharp scissors cut thewick level with the wick
38、guide, raise the wick, and cut atriangular portion from each corner as illustrated in Fig. 4.Round off very slightly the sharp corners produced. Removeany ragged projections by slight beveling of the top edges asillustrated in Fig. 5. Be careful not to compress or squeeze thewick with the fingers. T
39、rimming should produce a smooth,symmetrical flame, free of peaks or ears. Check this by lightingthe lamp from time to time and inspecting the flame during thetrimming operation.11.4 After the wick is trimmed to yield a flame of standardshape and dimensions, allow the lamp to burn for 0.5 h,extinguis
40、h; and trim again, removing any uneven points andcharred fiber. Relight the lamp and again check the shape anddimensions of the flame. Extinguish the flame, allow thechimney to cool, wash it with hot water, and dry with a cleanlint-free cloth.NOTE 1All dimensions shown are in millimetres.FIG. 3 Stan
41、dard Dimensions for Shape and Size of FlameD187 18311.5 After the wick has been trimmed and the chimneywashed, allow the lamp to burn for 0.5 h and readjust the flameto the standard dimensions. At the end of this period weigh thelamp, while burning, to the nearest 1 g on a platform balance.Weigh aga
42、in after 1 h. If the rate of sample consumption differsfrom 22 g h 6 4 g h, check the flame dimensions and wickcondition for further trimming. Normally, the measurement ofsample consumption is needed only as a check on standardburning conditions, since with the specified flame size andshape, the ini
43、tial rate of sample consumption will always bewithin these limits.11.6 Allow the sample to burn continuously without furtheradjustment of any kind for the duration of the test, which shallbe 16 h (or other specified period) of continuous burning afterthe first weighing. At the end of this period rew
44、eigh to thenearest 1 g and record any changes in height, width, or shapeof the flame to the nearest 1 mm.11.7 Examine the density and color of the chimney deposit.12. Report12.1 The report shall include the following:12.1.1 Average burning rate of the sample to the nearest1 g h.12.1.2 Initial dimens
45、ions of the flame to the nearest 1 mm.12.1.3 Final dimensions of the flame to the nearest 1 mm.12.1.4 Density of the chimney deposit (none, light, medium,or heavy) and its color (none, white, yellow, or brown).13. Precision and Bias613.1 The precision of the test method as determined bystatistical e
46、xamination of interlaboratory results is as follows:13.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two testresults, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test material,would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test me
47、thod, exceed the following values only in one casein twenty:Measurement RepeatabilityFlame height, mm (36.2/X)3Flame width, mm (37.8/X)3Burning rate, g/h (26.5/X)3Chimney deposit colorChimney deposit densityany differenceany differencewhere:X= average of two test results13.1.2 ReproducibilityThe dif
48、ference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values only in one case intwenty:Measurement Reproducibil
49、ityFlame height, mm (42.7/X)3Flame width, mm (45.2/X)3Burning rate, g/h (36.2/X)3Chimney deposit colorChimney deposit densityone categoryone categorywhere:X= average of two test results13.2 BiasA program to obtain additional data for preci-sion and bias is under discussion. When developed, theadditional data will be included.14. Keywords14.1 burning quality; kerosene6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1160. ContactASTM CustomerService at s
