1、Designation: D1895 96 (Reapproved 2010)1D1895 17Standard Test Methods forApparent Density, Bulk Factor, and Pourability of PlasticMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1895; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1 NOTEAdded rese
3、arch report information to Section 14 editorially in September 2010.1. Scope Scope*1.1 1TheseThese test methods cover the measurement of apparent density, bulk factor, and where applicable, the pourability ofplastic materials such as molding powders. Different procedures are given for application to
4、 the various forms of these materialsthat are commonly encountered, from fine powders and granules to large flakes and cut fibers.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all
5、 of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1Test Method A is equivalent to I
6、SO Method R 60 as described in the appendix. Test Method C is identical with ISO Method R 61.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standar
7、ds, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1505 Test
8、 Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique2.2 ISO Standards:3R60 Determination of Apparent Density of Molding Materials that Can be Poured from a Specified FunnelR61 Determination of Apparent Density of Molding Material that Cannot be Poured from a Specified Funnel3. Terminolo
9、gy3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent densitythe weight per unit volume of a material, including voids inherent in the material as tested.3.1.1.1 The term bulk density is commonly used for materials such as molding powder.3.1.2 bulk factorthe ratio of the volume of any given quantity of the loose plastic
10、 material to the volume of the same quantityof the material after molding or forming. The bulk factor is also equal to the ratio of the density after molding or forming to theapparent density of the material as received.3.1.3 pourabilitya measure of the time required for a standard quantity of mater
11、ial to flow through a funnel of specifieddimensions.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010Sept. 1, 2017. Published January 2010September 201
12、7. Originally approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 20032010as D1895 96(2003).(2010)1. DOI: 10.1520/D1895-17.This edition includes the addition of an extensive ISO equivalency statement and keywords section. DOI: 10.1520/D1895-96R10E01.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM webs
13、ite, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, h
14、ttp:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users
15、 consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
16、cken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide useful indexes of performance of plastic materials such as powders and granules with respectto their handling in packaging and fabrication.4.2 Apparent density is a measure of the fluffiness of a material.4.3 Bu
17、lk factor is a measure of volume change that may be expected in fabrication.4.4 Pourability characterizes the handling properties of a finely divided plastic material. It is a measure of the readiness withwhich such materials will flow through hoppers and feed tubes and deliver uniform weights of ma
18、terial.APPARENT DENSITYTest Method A Method A5. Scope5.1 Test Method A (see Note 1) covers the measurement of the apparent density of the fine granules and powders that can bepoured readily through a small funnel.5. Scope5.1 Test Method A (see Note 1) covers the measurement of the apparent density o
19、f the fine granules and powders that can bepoured readily through a small funnel.6. Apparatus6.1 Measuring CupA cylindrical cup of 100 6 0.5-cm3 capacity, having a diameter equal to half the height, for example,39.9-mm (1.572-in.) inside diameter by 79.8-mm (3.144-in.) inside height, as shown in Fig
20、. 1.NOTE 2Example, 39.9-mm (1.572-in.) inside diameter by 79.8-mm (3.144-in.) inside height.6.2 Funnel, having a 9.5-mm diameter opening at the bottom, and mounted at a height 38 mm above the measuring cup, asshown in Fig. 1.7. Procedure7.1 With the apparatus assembled as shown in Fig. 1, close the
21、small end of the funnel with the hand or with a suitable flat stripand pour a 115 6 5-cm3 sample into the funnel. Open the bottom of the funnel quickly and allow the material to flow freely intothe cup. If caking occurs in the funnel, the material may be loosened with use a small glass rod.rod to lo
22、osen the material.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Apparent Density Test, Method AD1895 1727.2 After all the material has passed through the funnel, immediately scrape off the excess on the top of the cup with astraightedge without shaking the cup. Weigh the material in the cup to the nearest 0.1 g. Calculate t
23、he weight in grams of 1 cm3of the material.NOTE 3To convert grams per cubic centimetre to ounces per cubic inch, multiply by 0.578. To convert to grams per cubic inch multiply by 16.39.To convert grams per cubic centimetre to pounds per cubic foot, multiply by 62.43.NOTE 4Apparent density figures ar
24、e not comparable except on materials having the same specific gravity after molding or forming.7.3 Very For very fine materials that will bridge and not flow through the funnel may be poured pour lightly from a paper heldapproximately 38 mm (1.5 in.) above the opening of the measuring cup.NOTE 5Fine
25、ly divided powders may collect electrostatic charges which, if present at the time of measurement, may result in variable apparent densityvalues. The use of an anti-static agent mixed with the powders at a 0.2 weight percent may eliminate electrostatic charges.Test Method B8. Scope8.1 Test Method B
26、covers the measurement of the apparent density of coarse, granular materials, including dice and pellets, thateither cannot be poured or that pour with difficulty through the funnel described in Test Method A.8. Scope8.1 Test Method B covers the measurement of the apparent density of coarse, granula
27、r materials, including dice and pellets, thateither cannot be poured or that pour with difficulty through the funnel described in Test Method A.9. Apparatus9.1 Measuring CupA cylindrical cup of 400-cm3 capacity, as shown in Fig. 2.9.2 Funnel, having a 25.4-mm (1-in.) diameter opening at the bottom,
28、and mounted at a height 38 mm (1.5 in.) above themeasuring cup, as shown in Fig. 2.NOTE 6Finely divided powders may collect electrostatic charges which, if present at the time of measurement, may result in variable apparent densityvalues. Carbon black is a material that may be premixed with the samp
29、le at concentrations of 0.05 to The use of an anti-static agent at a 0.2 weight percentto reduce this variability (Superba Black with a bulk density of about 8 lb/ftmay eliminate electrostatic charges.3 has been found satisfactory for somematerials).FIG. 2 Apparatus for Apparent Density Test, Method
30、 BD1895 17310. Procedure10.1 With the apparatus assembled as shown in Fig. 2, close the small end of the funnel with the hand or with a suitable flatstrip and pour a 500 6 20-cm3 sample into the funnel. Open the bottom of the funnel quickly and allow the material to flow freelyinto the cup.NOTE 7The
31、 funnel described in Test Method B is also used for more finely divided powders such as vinyl resins. While these powders usually willpour through this funnel, they may bridge in the 400-cm3 cup shown in Fig. 2. To avoid this, the 100-cm3 cup shown in Fig. 1 may be substituted, andthe sample reduced
32、 to 115 6 5 cm3.10.2 After all the material has passed through the funnel, immediately scrape off the excess on the top of the cup with astraightedge without shaking the cup. Weigh the material in the cup to the nearest 0.1 g; then calculate the weight in grams of 1cm3 of the material. Make three de
33、terminations of the apparent density on each sample and average the results (Note 23).Test Method C11. Scope11.1 Test Method C (see Note 1) covers the measurement of the apparent density of materials supplied in the form of coarseflakes, chips, cut fibers, or strands. Such materials cannot be poured
34、 through the funnels described in Test MethodsAand B.Also,since they ordinarily are very bulky when loosely poured and since they usually are compressible to a lesser bulk, even by hand,a measure of their density under a small load is appropriate and useful.11.1 Test Method C (see Note 1) covers the
35、 measurement of the apparent density of materials supplied in the form of coarseflakes, chips, cut fibers, or strands. Such materials cannot be poured through the funnels described in Test MethodsAand B.Also,since they ordinarily are very bulky when loosely poured and since they usually are compress
36、ible to a lesser bulk, even by hand,a measure of their density under a small load is appropriate and useful.12. Apparatus12.1 Measuring CylinderA cylinder of 1000-cm3 capacity, as shown in Fig. 3.12.2 Weight PlungerA cylinder closed at one end and having an outside diameter slightly smaller than the
37、 inside diameter ofthe measuring cylinder, as shown in Fig. 3. The plunger shall have a scale cut on the outside surface, graduated in intervals of 1mm.13. Procedure13.1 Place the measuring cylinder on a piece of paper. Loosely drop 60 6 0.2 g of the material to be tested into the measuringcylinder
38、from a height approximately that of the cylinder, taking care to lose none of the material and to drop it as uniformly asFIG. 3 Apparatus for Apparent Density Test, Method CD1895 174practicable. Before applying the weight, level the material in the measuring cylinder. Measure the height of the loose
39、 material incentimetres and identify this measurement as H1.13.2 Fill the weight plunger with lead shot to obtain a total weight of 2300 6 20 g (5.07 6 0.04 lb), including the plunger.Lower this weight gradually into the measuring cylinder until it is entirely supported by the material. Allow the we
40、ight to settlefor 1 min and take the reading from the scale to the nearest 0.1 cm. This reading will give directly in centimetres the height, H2,of the material.14. Precision and Bias414.1 Table 1 is based on a round-robin test conducted in 198788, involving eight materials, tested by six laboratori
41、es. Eachof the materials were commercial materials and were distributed to the testing laboratories on an “as received” bias. Each test resultwas based on three individual determinations, and was obtained either by Test Method A or B, dependent upon equipmentavailability in the individual laboratory
42、. Test Method C was not evaluated. Insufficient data were collected for the evaluation ofbulk factor and pourability because of the inherent properties of the tested materials, and limitations in the equipment availableto the laboratories involved in the interlaboratory test.NOTE 8Specific materials
43、 are:Apoly(propylene)Bcellulose acetateCpoly(ethylene)Dnylon polyamideEpolyacetalFpoly(vinylidene chloride)Gpoly(vinyl chloride)Hpolyester (PETE)14.2 In Table 1, for the materials indicated and for mean values that were derived from triplicate determinations:14.2.1 Sr is the within-laboratory standa
44、rd deviation of the mean and Ir = 2.83 Sr.14.2.2 SR is the between-laboratory standard deviation of the mean and IR = 2.83 SR.14.2.3 Vr and VR are the relative standard deviations for the within-laboratory and between-laboratory components inpercentage of the relevant mean.14.3 BiasSince no absolute
45、 test method exists for comparison, no bias statement can be presented for this test method.15. Calculation15.1 Calculate the apparent density of the material before and after application of the load as follows, making separatecalculations for both H1, and H2:V5H3A (1)Apparent density5W/Vwhere:V = v
46、olume occupied by the material in the measuring cylinder, cm3,H = height of the material in the measuring cylinder, cm,A = cross-sectional area of the measuring cylinder, (61.89 cm2), andW = weight of the material in the cylinder (60 g).15.2 Make three determinations of the apparent density on each
47、sample and average these results separately.4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D20-1156.TABLE 1 Precision and Bias DataAMaterial Average Sr SR Ir IR Vr VRA 0.5372 0.0023 0.0256 0.0065 0.0724 0.43 4.77B 0.7342 0.00
48、26 0.0377 0.0074 0.1067 0.35 5.14C 0.6191 0.0026 0.0230 0.0074 0.0651 0.42 3.71D 0.7314 0.0029 0.0342 0.0082 0.0968 0.39 4.67E 0.8766 0.0054 0.0302 0.0153 0.0855 0.62 3.44F 0.7819 0.0009 0.0165 0.0025 0.0467 0.11 2.11G 0.6092 0.0018 0.0112 0.0051 0.0317 0.30 1.83H 0.7975 0.0062 0.0350 0.0175 0.0991
49、0.77 4.39A Supporting data are available fromASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-1161.D1895 17516. Report16.1 Report each value of the apparent density and of the average density, both before and after loading.BULK FACTOR17. Procedure17.1 Apparent DensityMeasure the apparent density of the material in accordance with the applicable test method as definedin Sections 5 15.17.2 DensityAfter Molding or FormingMeasure the density of the molded or formed plastic material in accordance with eitherTest Method D1505, or MethodAof Test Methods D792, on
