1、Designation: D1914 95 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Practice forConversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful formembers of the air pollution and meteorolo
3、gical communities.1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10,which discusses SI units and contains selected conversionfactors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly usednon-metric units.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analy
4、sis ofAtmospheresE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Significance and Use3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publicationsand their use in reporting atmospher
5、ic measurement data.However, there are historic data and even data currentlyreported that are based on a variety of units of measurement.This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convertsuch data to SI and other units of measurement.3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversionfac
6、tors commonly used in air pollution and meteorologicalfields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a numberof standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures andorganized in a rational order. All values reflect the latestinformation from
7、 the 16th General Conference on Weights andMeasurements held in 1979.3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units ofmeasurement from one system to related units in other systems,as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converte
8、d tovalues of units in the right column merely by multiplying bythe conversion factor provided in the center column.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approved Sept. 1
9、, 2014. Published September 2014. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D1914 95 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D1914-95R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
10、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE 1 Conversion UnitsMultiply By To ObtainTemperatureDegrees Fahrenheit (F) + 459.72 1 Degrees Fahr
11、enheit Absolute or Rankine (R)Degrees Fahrenheit (F) 3259 Degrees Celsius (C)Degrees Celsius (C) + 273.15 1 Kelvins (K)Degrees Celsius (C) + 17.78 1.8 Degrees Fahrenheit (F)Degrees Rankine (R) 459.72 1 Degrees Fahrenheit (F)Kelvins (K) 273.15 1 Degrees Celsius (C)PressureDynes per square centimetre
12、1.4504 105Pounds per square inch10.197 104Grams per square centimetre1106Bars0.1 PascalsPounds per square inch absolute (psia) 70.307 Grams per square centimetre absolute51.715 Millimetres of mercury absolute144 Pounds per square foot absolute1 Pounds per square inch gage + 14.6966894.8 PascalsPound
13、s per square inch gage (psig) 70.307 Grams per square centimetre51.715 Millimetres of mercury at 0C27.673 Inches of water at 4C1 Pounds per square inch absolute 14.6966894.8 PascalsInches of water (at 4C) 0.03614 Pounds per square inch0.07355 Inches of mercury0.57818 Ounces per square inch25.399 Kil
14、ograms per square metre2490.8 Dynes per square centimetre249.2 PascalsInches of mercury (at 0C) 0.49116 Pounds per square inch13.595 Inches of water at 4C345.31 Kilograms per square metre3.3864 104Dynes per square centimetre3386.4 PascalsMillimetres of mercury (at 0C) 0.01934 Pounds per square inch1
15、.3595 Grams per square centimetre1333.2 Dynes per square centimetre133.32 PascalsCentimetres of mercury (at 0C) 1.3332 104Dynes per square centimetre135.95 Kilograms per square metre27.845 Pounds per square foot1333.2 PascalsAtmosphere (normal) 760 Millimetres of mercury at 0C1.0133 Bars14.696 Pound
16、s per square inch29.921 Inches of mercury at 0C1033.2 Grams per square centimetre1.0133 106Dynes per square centimetre1.0132 105PascalsBars 14.504 Pounds per square inch1.0197 104Kilograms per square metre1.000 106Dynes per square centimetre750.06 Millimetres of mercury (0C)0.98692 Atmospheres105Pas
17、calsPascals 10 Dynes per square centimetre1.4504 104Pounds per square inch absolute4.0128 103Inches of water (at 4C)2.9530 104Inches of mercury (at 0C)7.5007 103Millimetre of mercury (at 0C)9.8692 106Atmosphere (normal)105BarsDensityGrams per cubic centimetre 1 Grams per millilitre0.03613 Pounds per
18、 cubic inch8.3452 Pounds per gallon (U.S.)62.428 Pounds per cubic footPounds per cubic foot 0.01602 Grams per cubic centimetre5.7870 104Pounds per cubic inchConcentration(See also Section 4.)Gases in Gas:Parts per million by volume (ppm(v) 1 Micromoles of gas per mole of gas1104Percent by volumeD191
19、4 95 (2014)2TABLE 1 ContinuedMultiply By To ObtainMolecular weight/24 450 Milligrams of substance per litre of air (at 25C and101.3 kPa pressure)1106Partial pressure of one constituentTotal pressure of mixtureParts per billion by volume (ppb(v) 1 103Parts per million by volumeOne percent by volume 1
20、0 000 Parts per million by volumeMilligrams per litre 1000 Milligrams per cubic metre1106Micrograms per cubic metreMilligrams per cubic metre 1 103Milligrams per litreMicrograms per cubic metre 1 106Milligrams per litreLiquid and Solid Particles in Gas:Milligrams per litre 1 103Milligrams per cubic
21、metre1106Micrograms per cubic metreMilligrams per cubic metre 1 103Milligrams per litreMicrograms per cubic metre 1 106Milligrams per litreOunces per thousand cubic feet 1.0012 Grams per cubic metreGrains per cubic foot 2.2883 Grams per cubic metreParticles per cubic centimetre 2.8317 104Particles p
22、er cubic foot1106Particles per cubic metreParticles per cubic metre 1 106Particles per cubic centimetre0.02832 Particles per cubic footMillions of particles per cubic foot 35.314 Millions of particles per cubic metreGases, Liquids, and Solids in Liquids:Gram molecular weight per litre 1 Moles per li
23、treParts per million by weight 1 Milligrams per litre (where specific gravity of dispersionmedium is 1.00)LengthAngstrom units 1 1010Metres3.9370 109Inches1104Micrometres1108Centimetres0.1 NanometresNanometres 1 109Metres1107Centimetres10 Angstrom unitsMicrometres 3.9370 105Inches1106Metres1104Centi
24、metres1104Angstrom unitsMillimetres 0.03937 Inches (U.S.)1000 MicrometresCentimetres 0.39370 Inches (U.S.)1104Micrometres1107Nanometres1108Angstrom unitsMetres 6.2137 104Miles (statute)1.0936 Yards (U.S.)39.370 Inches (U.S.)1109Nanometres11010Angstrom unitsKilometres 0.53961 Miles (nautical)0.62137
25、Miles (statute)1093.6 Yards3280.8 FeetInches (U.S.) 0.02778 Yards2.5400 Centimetres2.5400 103Angstrom unitsFeet (U.S.) 0.30480 Metres30.480 CentimetresYards (U.S.) 5.6818 104Miles0.91440 Metres91.440 CentimetresMiles (nautical) 1.1516 Statute miles2026.8 Yards1.8533 KilometresMiles (U.S. statute) 32
26、0 Rods0.86836 Nautical miles1.6094 Kilometres1609.4 MetresAreaSquare millimetres 0.00155 Square inches1106Square metres0.01 Square centimetres1.2732 Circular millimetresSquare centimetres 1.1960 104Square yardsD1914 95 (2014)3TABLE 1 ContinuedMultiply By To Obtain0.00108 Square feet0.15500 Square in
27、ches1104Square metres100 Square millimetresSquare kilometres 0.38610 Square miles (U.S.)1.1960 106Square yards1.0764 107Square feet1106Square metres247.10 Acres (U.S.)Square inches (U.S.) 0.00694 Square feet0.00077 Square yards6.4516 104Square metres6.4516 Square centimetres645.16 Square millimetres
28、Square feet (U.S.) 3.5870 108Square miles0.11111 Square yards144 Square inches0.09290 Square metres929.03 Square centimetres2.2957 105AcresSquare miles 640 Acres3.0976 106Square yards2.7878 107Square feet2.5900 Square kilometres2.5900 106Square metresVolumeCubic millimetres 6.1023 105Cubic inches110
29、9Cubic metres0.001 Cubic centimetresMillilitres 0.03381 Ounces (fluid, U.S.)0.06102 Cubic inches0.001 Litres1 Cubic centimetresLitres 0.00131 Cubic yards0.26418 Gallons (U.S.)0.03532 Cubic feet33.815 Ounces (fluid, U.S.)61.025 Cubic inches0.00100 Cubic metres1000 Cubic centimetresCubic metres 1.3079
30、 Cubic yards (U.S.)35.314 Cubic feet (U.S.)264.17 Gallons (U.S.)6.1023 104Cubic inches1000 Litres1106Cubic centimetres1109Cubic millimetresGallons (U.S.) 0.00495 Cubic yards0.13368 Cubic feet128 Ounces (fluid)231 Cubic inches0.00378 Cubic metres3.7854 Litres3785.4 Millilitres3785.4 Cubic centimetres
31、Cubic inches (U.S.) 2.1433 105Cubic yards5.7870 104Cubic feet0.00433 Gallons (U.S.)0.55410 Ounces (fluid)1.6387 105Cubic metres0.01639 Litres16.387 Millilitres16.387 Cubic centimetres1.6387 104Cubic millimetresCubic feet (U.S.) 0.03704 Cubic yards7.4810 Gallons (U.S.)1728.0 Cubic inches0.02832 Cubic
32、 metres28.316 Litres2.8316 104Cubic centimetresCubic centimetres 1 Millilitres1.3079 106Cubic yards3.5314 105Cubic feet (U.S.)2.6417 104Gallons (U.S.)0.03381 Ounces (fluid, U.S.)D1914 95 (2014)4TABLE 1 ContinuedMultiply By To Obtain0.06102 Cubic inches1106Cubic metres1000 Cubic millimetresTimeSecond
33、s (mean solar) 1.1574 105Days2.7778 104Hours0.01667 MinutesMinutes (mean solar) 9.9206 105Weeks6.9445 104Days0.01667 HoursHours (mean solar) 0.00595 Weeks0.04167 Days3600 SecondsDays (mean solar) 1440 Minutes8.6400 104SecondsWeeks (mean solar)A168 Hours1.0080 104Minutes6.0480 105SecondsMonths (mean
34、calendar)A30.42 Days730 Hours4.3800 104Minutes2.628 106SecondsYears (calendar)A8760 Hours5.256 105MinutesVelocityFeet per second 0.01136 Miles per minute0.68182 Miles per hour1.0973 Kilometres per hour18.288 Metres per minute30.480 Centimetres per secondFeet per minute 0.00508 Metres per second0.011
35、36 Miles per hour0.01667 Feet per second0.01829 Kilometres per hour0.30480 Metres per minute0.50800 Centimetres per secondCentimetres per second 3.7282 104Miles per minute0.02237 Miles per hour0.03281 Feet per second0.03600 Kilometres per hour0.60000 Metres per minute1.9685 Feet per minuteMiles per
36、hour 0.01667 Miles per minute1.4667 Feet per second1.6093 Kilometres per hour26.822 Metres per minute44.704 Centimetres per second88 Feet per minuteMetres per minute 0.03728 Miles per hour0.05468 Feet per second0.06 Kilometres per hour1.6667 Centimetres per second3.2808 Feet per minuteKilometres per
37、 hour 0.27778 Metres per second0.62137 Miles per hour0.91134 Feet per second16.667 Metres per minute27.778 Centimetres per second54.681 Feet per minuteMass (or Weight)Milligrams 2.2046 106Pounds (avoirdupois)3.5274 105Ounces (avoirdupois)0.01543 Grains1106KilogramsMicrograms 1 106GramsGrams 0.00220
38、Pounds (avoirdupois)0.03527 Ounces (avoirdupois)15.432 Grains1106MicrogramsKilograms 0.00110 Tons (short)2.2046 Pounds (avoirdupois)35.274 Ounces (avoirdupois)1.5432 104GrainsGrains 1.4286 104Pounds (avoirdupois)0.00229 Ounces (avoirdupois)D1914 95 (2014)5TABLE 1 ContinuedMultiply By To Obtain0.0648
39、0 Grams64.799 MilligramsOunces (avoirdupois) 3.1250 105Tons (short)0.06250 Pounds (avoirdupois)437.50 Grains28.350 GramsPounds (avoirdupois) 5 104Tons (short)16 Ounces (avoirdupois)7000 Grains0.45359 Kilograms453.59 GramsTons (short, U.S.) 2000 Pounds (avoirdupois)3.200 104Ounces (avoirdupois)907.19
40、 KilogramsAFor specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.4. Conversion for Gases and Vapors4.1 To convert concentrations of gases and vapors fromparts per million by volume to milligrams per litre and viceversa at any condition of temperature and pressure, thefollowing formulas wil
41、l be found useful:Concentration, ppmv!5 (1)C1324450 3T 3101.3!/mol wt 3298 3P!Concentration, mg/litre5 (2)C23mol wt 3298 3P!/24450 3T 3101.3!where:C1= concentration, mg/L,C2= concentration, ppm(v),T = absolute temperature, K, andP = absolute pressure of the sampled air stream, kPa.NOTE 1It is usuall
42、y necessary to convert the measured air flow to thetemperature and pressure of the sampled air stream.5. Sieve Number versus Particle Size5.1 The following are excerpts from Specification E11. Forcomplete information on this subject, refer to SpecificationE11.Sieve NumberSieve Openingin. m80 0.0070
43、180100 .0059 150120 .0049 125140 .0041 106170 .0035 90200 .0029 75230 .0025 63270 .0021 53325 .0017 45400 .0015 386. Keywords6.1 area; concentration; conversions; density; length; mass;pressure; sieves; temperature; time; units; velocity; volume;weightASTM International takes no position respecting
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45、 is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International
46、Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This
47、 standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 95 (2014)6
