1、Designation: D2047 11Standard Test Method forStatic Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated FlooringSurfaces as Measured by the James Machine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2047; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This laboratory test method covers the use of the JamesMachine for the measurement of t
3、he static coefficient offriction of polish-coated flooring surfaces with respect tohuman locomotion safety. Further, this test method also estab-lishes a compliance criterion to meet the requirement for anonhazardous polished walkway surface. The test method isnot intended for use on “wet” surfaces
4、or on surfaces whereinthe texture, projections, profile or clearance between thesculptured pattern of the surface does not permit adequatecontact between the machine foot and the test surface.1.2 This test method is the only method appropriate fortesting polishes for specification compliance with th
5、e floorpolish static coefficient of friction criterion.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not pur
6、port to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1
7、028 Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficientof Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by theHorizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter MethodD1436 Test Methods for Application of Emulsion FloorPolishes to Substrates for Testing PurposesD1630 Test Method for Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resis-t
8、ance (Footwear Abrader)D2825 Terminology Relating to Polishes and Related Ma-terialsD4103 Practice for Preparation of Substrate Surfaces forCoefficient of Friction TestingD6205 Practice for Calibration of the James Static Coeffi-cient of Friction MachineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in T
9、est Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 Federal Specification:KK-L-165C Leather, Cattlehide, Vegetable Tanned andChrome Retanned, Impregnated, and Soles.3Type 1Fac-tory (for Shoe Making), Class 6Strips3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee
10、 also Teminologies D1436 and D2825.3.1.1 friction, nthe resistance to relative motion devel-oped between two solid contacting bodies at, and parallel to,the sliding plane.3.1.2 coeffcient of friction, nthe ratio of the horizontal(shear) component of force required to overcome friction, tothe vertica
11、l (normal) component of force applied.3.1.3 static coeffcient of friction, nthe ratio of the hori-zontal component of force applied to a body that just over-comes the friction or resistance to sliding, to the verticalcomponent of force applied.3.1.4 dynamic coeffcient of friction, nthe ratio of theh
12、orizontal component of force required to cause a body tocontinue to slide at a constant velocity, to the vertical compo-nent of force applied.3.1.5 slip resistance, nthe frictional force opposing move-ment of an object across its surface, usually with reference tothe sole or heel of a shoe on a floo
13、r. A surface having a staticcoefficient of friction of 0.5 or greater as measured by this testmethod is considered to have adequate slip resistance. That is,it will provide the required traction for preventing or markedlyreducing the probability of slipping while walking.1This test method is under t
14、he jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D21 on Polishesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D21.06 on Slip Resistance.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originallyapproved in 1964 as D204764T. Last previous edition approved in 2004 asD2047 04. DOI: 10.1520/D2047-11.
15、2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4
16、 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Significance and Use4.1 Test Method D2047 establishes a compliance criterionrelating static coefficient of frict
17、ion measurements of flooringsurfaces with human locomotion safety. The compliance crite-rion is based on extensive experiential data from residential,commercial, industrial and institutional walkway surfacessince 1942.4.2 Polishes and other floor maintenance coatings having astatic coefficient of fr
18、iction of not less than 0.5, as measured bythis test method, have been recognized as providing nonhaz-ardous walkways.NOTE 1The value of 0.5 meets the requirements for compliance withRule 5 on “The use of terms slip retardant, slip resistant, or terms ofsimilar import,” of the Proposed Trade Practic
19、e Rules for the Floor Waxand Floor Polish Industry as issued by the Federal Trade Commission onMarch 17, 1953.4.3 The 0.5 static coefficient of friction compliance criterionof this test method is only appropriate for polish-coatedsurfaces tested in accordance with this machine and testmethod. The us
20、e of this compliance criterion with other testmethods, other test instruments, and other surfaces is improper,because they are not a part of the body of experiential dataupon which the conformance criterion is based.NOTE 2The conformance criteria of this test method may be valid forother surfaces an
21、d surface coatings tested by this test method, but this hasnot been substantiated by correlation with experiential data.5. Apparatus5.1 James Machine4See Fig. 1.5.2 Shoe Material5For interlaboratory and specificationtesting the shoe material shall be leather, conforming to FederalSpecification KK-L-
22、165C. Other materials commonly em-ployed as footwear sole or heel material may be used.However, it should be understood that the 0.5 static coefficientof friction compliance criterion value is not relevant when suchmaterials are substituted for the specification leather (Notes 2and 3). To date, comp
23、liance criterion values for polish inter-faces with other shoe materials have not been determined withrespect to establishing minimum requirements for nonhazard-ous walkways. If a standard rubber shoe material is required,the test rubber should be in accordance with Test MethodD1630.NOTE 3The static
24、 coefficient of friction measured with elastomericcompositions are frequently as much as 0.3 to 0.5 higher than leather.5.3 SubstrateFor interlaboratory and specification testing,OVCT6, wood panels7, or standard ceramic tiles8shall be used.5.3.1 If substrates other than the above standards are to be
25、used, they should be of uniform porosity and free of surfaceirregularities which would interlock the shoe material with thesurface or otherwise impede smooth sliding of the shoe overthe film surface.6. Test Surface6.1 For interlaboratory and specification testing of floorpolishes, films on OVCT, woo
26、d panels, or ceramic tiles shall beprepared in accordance with Practice D4103 or Test MethodC1028, respectively.7. Test Shoe Material7.1 The size of the shoe material used by the apparatus is 3by 3 in. square by 0.25 in. thick (76.2 by 76.2 by 6.4 mm).7.2 For interlaboratory and specification testin
27、g, the shoematerial shall be leather manufactured in accordance withFederal Specification KK-L-165C. Cut the 3 by 3-in. (76.2 by76.2 mm) specimen from the center portion of the hide by anysuitable method. Mark the direction of the grain fibers for laterreference. The alignment of the sides of the te
28、st specimen shallbe along the length and width of the hide. Do not compress theleather during cutting. Dress the edges square.57.3 Before use, the specification leather should be equili-brated at 50 %(65 %) relative humidity for one week. Be-tween uses, the leather shoe material should be stored und
29、erthese same constant humidity conditions.7.4 Other shoe materials may be used for individual andspecific testing purposes. If rubber is used, a standard rubbercompound conforming to Test Method D1630, Section 7.1, isrecommended. It is further recommended that the thickness ofthe shoe material not b
30、e greater than 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) or lessthan 0.20 in. (5.1 mm).7.5 Gently sand the inside (flesh) surface of the leather toproduce a uniform thickness. The final sanding in this processshould be done by using 400 grit waterproof silicon carbidepaper9affixed to a flat surface to produce a uniform sur
31、face formating with the shoe holder. The inside (flesh) and outside(grain) faces of the leather should be parallel to within 0.01 in.(0.25 mm). The inside surface should be free of loose shreds ofleather, grit, and dust.7.6 Cement the flesh side of the leather to the metal shoe(3-in. square flat ste
32、el plate) using any suitable adhesive ordouble-sided tape. Orient the leather on the shoe so that theoriginal grain of the leather is parallel to the direction of shoetravel.7.7 To prepare the face of the leather-shoe for interlabora-tory and specification testing, sand the grain face of the leather
33、with 400 grit paper using four passes, two parallel to thedirection of shoe travel followed by two perpendicular to the4Assembled, motorized machines are available from Michelman, Inc., 9080Shell Road, Cincinnati, OH 452361229. Assembled, non-motorized machines areavailable from Quadra, Inc., 1833 O
34、akdale Ave., Racine, WI 53405. Engineering/machinist drawings are available from Consumer Specialty Products Association,900 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20006.5Precut specification leather material is available from Consumer SpecialtyProducts Association , 900 17th Street NW, Washington DC 20006.
35、6OVCT, Official Vinyl Composition Tile, is available from Consumer SpecialtyProducts Association, 900 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20006.7Wood panels may be constructed from assembled Rock Maple shorts (SecondGrade, or better), available from Robbins, Inc., 4777 Eastern Ave., Cincinnati, OH45226,
36、or from local distributors for Bruce Hardwood Floors, or Harris-TarkettFloors. Alternatively, panels may be cut from 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) furniture grademaple veneer plywood, available from local lumberyards or millworks.8Available from the Tile Council of America, P.O. Box 1787, Clemson, SC29633. The
37、tiles should be prepared for coating in accordance with the procedure inTest Method C1028.93M-413Q, available from 3M Co., St. Paul, MN; C414W, available fromCarborundum Abrasives Co., Niagara Falls, NY; T421, available from Norton Co.,Stephenville, TX.D2047 112direction of shoe travel. Remove all d
38、ust from the leathersurface using a brush, vacuum, blower, or woodworking “tack”cloth. Test the surface to be certain it is free of dust by wipingwith green felt cloth and observing the cloth for dust.7.8 Lightly sand the grain face of the leather shoe with the400-grit paper before each reading, as
39、described in 7.7.NOTE 4Discontinue use of the leather material when sanding hasreduced the thickness by 0.05 in. (1.3 mm).NOTEThe schematic is of a hand driven model. Motorized models do not have a table transport hand wheel (o). For clarity, this depiction of the JamesMachine does not show guards i
40、n place; pinch points should be guarded in accordance with recognized safety engineering standards.aWeights iSpecimenbCushion jShoecChart kTest TabledChart Board lRetaining BareSpring Clip mBack PlatefRecording Pencil nBall Bearing RollersgSet Screw oTable Transport wheelhStrut pShoe holderFIG. 1 Ja
41、mes MachineD2047 1138. Procedure (See Fig. 1)8.1 Thoroughly check the James Machine is level in alldirections, and correct any mechanical malfunctions to ensurereliable results (see Practice D6205).8.2 Attach the chart10to the chart board.8.3 Raise the weights until the strut is perpendicular to the
42、table and attach the prepared test shoe in the shoe holder.8.4 Before starting the actual test, make a test run in fourmutually perpendicular directions using a panel of knowncoefficient of friction. Follow the procedure in 8.8. The testresults shall differ by no more than 5 % from the knowncoeffici
43、ent of friction. A greater deviation indicates the neces-sity to check the alignment of the machine (Practice D6205).Repeat this process until specified results are obtained.NOTE 5Finishes of known coefficient of friction are those which haveundergone repeated evaluation by this test method, includi
44、ng round robintests, and which have amassed considerable exposure to pedestrian traffic.Most commerical finishes meet these requirements. Samples and corre-sponding coefficient of friction values are available from many formulat-ing manufacturers, polymer manufacturers, and other floor finish rawmat
45、erial suppliers.8.5 Use three tiles or panels for each test, obtaining fourreadings on each panel. Rotate the panels 90 between each ofthe four readings so that a fresh surface is tested each time anddirectional effects, if any, are cancelled. If there is insufficientfloor finish to coat three panel
46、s, tests on one or two panels maybe run, though with the expectation of reduced precision.8.6 Place the panel on the test table in firm contact with theretaining bar. Lightly dust the test panel to remove anyextraneous matter.8.7 Carefully place the leather-shoe into the strut yoke andgently lower t
47、he entire assembly into contact with the testpanel. Disengage the small hand wheel.8.8 Release the recording pen, making sure it is on the zeroline of the chart.8.9 Move the test table forward at a uniform rate of 60in./min (1524 mm/min), 6 3 in./min (676 mm/min), until theshoe slips and the vertica
48、l column drops.The table movementshould be started within 5 s after the contact in 8.7 has beenmade.8.10 After each determination, lift the strut and return thetest table to the start position. Rotate the test panel 90, sandthe leather shoe material in accordance with 7.8, verticallyoffset the recor
49、ding pen, and repeat steps 8.6 through 8.9.8.11 Record as the static coefficient of friction the point atwhich the horizontal curve made on the chart by the recordingpen changes to a vertical line. If this point is not sharplydefined at the top of the vertical line, it may be necessary todraw a standard curve with the shoe braced to prevent slippage.Overlay the standard curve on the test curve, and record thepoint at which the test curve first deviates from the standardcurve. Estimate the readings to the nearest 0.01NOTE 6If panels thicker
