1、Designation: D2047 17Standard Test Method forStatic Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated FlooringSurfaces as Measured by the James Machine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2047; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This laboratory test method covers the use of the JamesMachine for the measurement of t
3、he static coefficient offriction of polish-coated flooring surfaces with respect tohuman locomotion safety. Further, this test method also estab-lishes a compliance criterion to meet the requirement for anonhazardous polished walkway surface. The test method isnot intended for use on “wet” surfaces
4、or on surfaces whereinthe texture, projections, profile or clearance between thesculptured pattern of the surface does not permit adequatecontact between the machine foot and the test surface.1.2 This test method is the only method appropriate fortesting polishes for specification compliance with th
5、e floorpolish static coefficient of friction criterion.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not pur
6、port to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standa
7、rd was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Ref
8、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1028 Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficient ofFriction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by theHorizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method (Withdrawn2014)3D1436 Test Methods for Application of Emulsion FloorPolishes to Substrates for Testing Purpo
9、sesD1630 Test Method for Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resis-tance (Footwear Abrader)D2825 Terminology Relating to Polishes and Related Mate-rialsD4103 Practice for Preparation of Substrate Surfaces forCoefficient of Friction TestingD6205 Practice for Calibration of the James Static Coeffi-cient of Fricti
10、on MachineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 Federal Specification:KK-L-165C Leather, Cattlehide, Vegetable Tanned andChrome Retanned, Impregnated, and Soles.4Type 1Fac-tory (for Sho
11、e Making), Class 6Strips3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee also Teminologies D1436 and D2825.3.1.1 friction, nthe resistance to relative motion devel-oped between two solid contacting bodies at, and parallel to,the sliding plane.3.1.2 coeffcient of friction, nthe ratio of the horizontal(shear) compone
12、nt of force required to overcome friction, tothe vertical (normal) component of force applied.3.1.3 static coeffcient of friction, nthe ratio of the hori-zontal component of force applied to a body that just over-comes the friction or resistance to sliding, to the verticalcomponent of force applied.
13、3.1.4 dynamic coeffcient of friction, nthe ratio of thehorizontal component of force required to cause a body tocontinue to slide at a constant velocity, to the vertical compo-nent of force applied.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D21 on Polishesand is the direct responsi
14、bility of Subcommittee D21.06 on Slip Resistance.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published March 2018. Originallyapproved in 1964 as D204764T. Last previous edition approved in 2011 asD2047 11. DOI: 10.1520/D2047-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orconta
15、ct ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,
16、Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standard
17、ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.5 slip resistance, nthe frictional force opposing move-ment of an object across its surf
18、ace, usually with reference tothe sole or heel of a shoe on a floor. A surface having a staticcoefficient of friction of 0.5 or greater as measured by this testmethod is considered to have adequate slip resistance. That is,it will provide the required traction for preventing or markedlyreducing the
19、probability of slipping while walking.4. Significance and Use4.1 Test Method D2047 establishes a compliance criterionrelating static coefficient of friction measurements of flooringsurfaces with human locomotion safety. The compliance crite-rion is based on extensive experiential data from residenti
20、al,commercial, industrial and institutional walkway surfacessince 1942.4.2 Polishes and other floor maintenance coatings having astatic coefficient of friction of not less than 0.5, as measured bythis test method, have been recognized as providing nonhaz-ardous walkways.NOTE 1The value of 0.5 meets
21、the requirements for compliance withRule 5 on “The use of terms slip retardant, slip resistant, or terms ofsimilar import,” of the Proposed Trade Practice Rules for the Floor Waxand Floor Polish Industry as issued by the Federal Trade Commission onMarch 17, 1953.4.3 The 0.5 static coefficient of fri
22、ction compliance criterionof this test method is only appropriate for polish-coatedsurfaces tested in accordance with this machine and testmethod. The use of this compliance criterion with other testmethods, other test instruments, and other surfaces is improper,because they are not a part of the bo
23、dy of experiential dataupon which the conformance criterion is based.NOTE 2The conformance criteria of this test method may be valid forother surfaces and surface coatings tested by this test method, but this hasnot been substantiated by correlation with experiential data.5. Apparatus5.1 James Machi
24、ne5See Fig. 1.5.2 Shoe Material6For interlaboratory and specificationtesting the shoe material shall be leather, conforming to FederalSpecification KK-L-165C. Other materials commonly em-ployed as footwear sole or heel material may be used.However, it should be understood that the 0.5 static coeffic
25、ientof friction compliance criterion value is not relevant when suchmaterials are substituted for the specification leather (Notes 2and 3). To date, compliance criterion values for polish inter-faces with other shoe materials have not been determined withrespect to establishing minimum requirements
26、for nonhazard-ous walkways. If a standard rubber shoe material is required,the test rubber should be in accordance with Test MethodD1630.NOTE 3The static coefficient of friction measured with elastomericcompositions are frequently as much as 0.3 to 0.5 higher than leather.5.3 SubstrateFor interlabor
27、atory and specification testing,OVCT7, wood panels8, or standard ceramic tiles9shall be used.5.3.1 If substrates other than the above standards are to beused, they should be of uniform porosity and free of surfaceirregularities which would interlock the shoe material with thesurface or otherwise imp
28、ede smooth sliding of the shoe overthe film surface.6. Test Surface6.1 For interlaboratory and specification testing of floorpolishes, films on OVCT, wood panels, or ceramic tiles shall beprepared in accordance with Practice D4103 or Test MethodC1028, respectively.7. Test Shoe Material7.1 The size o
29、f the shoe material used by the apparatus is 3by 3 in. square by 0.25 in. thick (76.2 by 76.2 by 6.4 mm).7.2 For interlaboratory and specification testing, the shoematerial shall be leather manufactured in accordance withFederal Specification KK-L-165C. Cut the 3 by 3-in. (76.2 by76.2 mm) specimen f
30、rom the center portion of the hide by anysuitable method. Mark the direction of the grain fibers for laterreference. The alignment of the sides of the test specimen shallbe along the length and width of the hide. Do not compress theleather during cutting. Dress the edges square.67.3 Before use, the
31、specification leather should be equili-brated at 50 %(65 %) relative humidity for one week. Be-tween uses, the leather shoe material should be stored underthese same constant humidity conditions.7.4 Other shoe materials may be used for individual andspecific testing purposes. If rubber is used, a st
32、andard rubbercompound conforming to Test Method D1630, Section 7.1, isrecommended. It is further recommended that the thickness ofthe shoe material not be greater than 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) or lessthan 0.20 in. (5.1 mm).7.5 Gently sand the inside (flesh) surface of the leather toproduce a uniform thickn
33、ess. The final sanding in this process5Assembled, motorized machines are available from Michelman, Inc., 9080Shell Road, Cincinnati, OH 452361229. Assembled, non-motorized machines areavailable from Quadra, Inc., 1833 Oakdale Ave., Racine, WI 53405. Engineering/machinist drawings are available from
34、Consumer Specialty Products Association,900 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20006. These are the sole sources of supplyof the apparatus known to the committee at this time. If you are aware of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will
35、receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.6The sole source of supply of the precut specification leather material known tothe committee at this time is available from Consumer Specialty Products Associa-tion , 900 17th Street NW, Washingto
36、n DC 20006. If you are aware of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.7OVCT tile may be obtained through Armstrong Flooring fro
37、m various homeimprovement stores. The following Armstrong tile substrates have been foundsuitable to perform adequately for this test method:Armstrong Excelon Feature Tile:Black (56790), http:/www. panels may be constructed from assembled Rock Maple shorts (SecondGrade, or better), available from R
38、obbins, Inc., 4777 Eastern Ave., Cincinnati, OH45226, or from local distributors for Bruce Hardwood Floors, or Harris-TarkettFloors. Alternatively, panels may be cut from 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) furniture grademaple veneer plywood, available from local lumberyards or millworks.9Available from the Tile Cou
39、ncil of America, P.O. Box 1787, Clemson, SC29633. The tiles should be prepared for coating in accordance with the procedure inTest Method C1028.D2047 172should be done by using 400 grit waterproof silicon carbidepaper10affixed to a flat surface to produce a uniform surface formating with the shoe ho
40、lder. The inside (flesh) and outside(grain) faces of the leather should be parallel to within 0.01 in.(0.25 mm). The inside surface should be free of loose shreds ofleather, grit, and dust.7.6 Cement the flesh side of the leather to the metal shoe(3-in. square flat steel plate) using any suitable ad
41、hesive ordouble-sided tape. Orient the leather on the shoe so that theoriginal grain of the leather is parallel to the direction of shoetravel.7.7 To prepare the face of the leather-shoe for interlabora-tory and specification testing, sand the grain face of the leatherwith 400 grit paper using four
42、passes, two parallel to thedirection of shoe travel followed by two perpendicular to thedirection of shoe travel. Remove all dust from the leather103M-413Q, available from 3M Co., St. Paul, MN; C414W, available fromCarborundum Abrasives Co., Niagara Falls, NY; T421, available from Norton Co.,Stephen
43、ville, TX.NOTE 1The schematic is of a hand driven model. Motorized models do not have a table transport hand wheel (o). For clarity, this depiction of theJames Machine does not show guards in place; pinch points should be guarded in accordance with recognized safety engineering standards.aWeights iS
44、pecimenbCushion jShoecChart kTest TabledChart Board lRetaining BareSpring Clip mBack PlatefRecording Pencil nBall Bearing RollersgSet Screw oTable Transport wheelhStrut pShoe holderFIG. 1 James MachineD2047 173surface using a brush, vacuum, blower, or woodworking “tack”cloth. Test the surface to be
45、certain it is free of dust by wipingwith green felt cloth and observing the cloth for dust.7.8 Lightly sand the grain face of the leather shoe with the400-grit paper before each reading, as described in 7.7.NOTE 4Discontinue use of the leather material when sanding hasreduced the thickness by 0.05 i
46、n. (1.3 mm).8. Procedure (See Fig. 1)8.1 Thoroughly check the James Machine is level in alldirections, and correct any mechanical malfunctions to ensurereliable results (see Practice D6205).8.2 Attach the chart11to the chart board.8.3 Raise the weights until the strut is perpendicular to thetable an
47、d attach the prepared test shoe in the shoe holder.8.4 Before starting the actual test, make a test run in fourmutually perpendicular directions using a panel of knowncoefficient of friction. Follow the procedure in 8.8. The testresults shall differ by no more than 5 % from the knowncoefficient of f
48、riction. A greater deviation indicates the neces-sity to check the alignment of the machine (Practice D6205).Repeat this process until specified results are obtained.NOTE 5Finishes of known coefficient of friction are those which haveundergone repeated evaluation by this test method, including round
49、 robintests, and which have amassed considerable exposure to pedestrian traffic.Most commerical finishes meet these requirements. Samples and corre-sponding coefficient of friction values are available from many formulat-ing manufacturers, polymer manufacturers, and other floor finish rawmaterial suppliers.8.5 Use three tiles or panels for each test, obtaining fourreadings on each panel. Rotate the panels 90 between each ofthe four readings so that a fresh s
