1、Designation: D 217 02Designation: 50/88An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forCone Penetration of Lubricating Grease1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test metho
3、ds cover four procedures for measuringthe consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of acone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetrationis measured in tenths of a millimetre.NOTE 1The National Lubricating Grease Institute2(NLGI) classifiedgreases according to their consist
4、ency as measured by the workedpenetration. The classification system is as follows:NLGIConsistency NumberWorked Penetration Range,25C (77F)000 445 to 47500 400 to 4300 355 to 3851 310 to 3402 265 to 2953 220 to 2504 175 to 2055 130 to 1606 85to1151.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolon
5、gedworked penetration are applicable to greases having penetra-tions between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistencynumbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbedpenetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to theunworked penetration test.1.1.2 The block penetration procedure
6、 is applicable togreases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Suchgreases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of amillimetre.1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable forthe measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetra-tion. Test Method D 937 should
7、 be used for such products.1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these testmethods are given in inches and fractions of an inch. Theseunits were retained because a vast body of data has beenobtained using equipment with the dimensions shown. Metricequivalency tables are provided with each
8、 figure. Temperaturesand other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; thevalues shown in parentheses are provided for information.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
9、 establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum3D 1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGrease Using One-Quarter a
10、nd One-Half Scale ConeEquipment33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 consistency, nof lubricating grease, the degree ofresistance to movement under stress.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term consistency is used some-what synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistencyrefers to the worked penetration of
11、a grease.3.1.2 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.3.1.3 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system
12、 and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties.3.1.4 penetrometer, nan instrument that measures theconsistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by1These test methods are the jurisd
13、iction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G0on Lubricating Grease. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of theStandardization Committee. These test methods were adopted as a joint ASTM-IPstandard in 1969
14、.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 21797.2National Lubricating Grease Institute, 4635 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, MO64112-1596.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.1Copyright ASTM International,
15、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle undera given force falls into the material.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn this test method, either a standardpenetrometer 6.2 or an optional penetrometer cone A1.3 can be
16、used to determine the consistency of lubricating greases. Thepenetration force is determined by the mass of the cone and theshaft.3.1.5 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.5.1 Discussio
17、nThe thickener can be fibers (such asvarious metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at most, only veryslightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require-ments are that the solid particles be extremely small, uniformlydispersed, an
18、d capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-likestructure with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 block penetration, nof lubricating grease, the pen-etration at 25C (77F) determined on the freshly prepared faceof a cube cut from a sample that is sufficien
19、tly hard to hold itsshape.3.2.2 penetration, nof lubricating grease, the depth thatthe standard cone (see A1.1), enters the sample when releasedto fall under its own weight for 5 s.3.2.3 penetrometer, nan instrument (see Fig. 1) designedto measure the depth to which the standard cone falls into theg
20、rease.3.2.4 prolonged worked penetration, nof lubricatinggrease, the penetration of a sample after it has been workedmore than 60 double strokes in a standard grease worker at atemperature of 15 to 30C (59 to 86F).3.2.4.1 DiscussionAfter the prescribed number of doublestrokes, the worker and content
21、s are brought to 25C (77F),worked an additional 60 double strokes, and penetrated withoutdelay.3.2.5 unworked penetration, nof lubricating grease, thepenetration at 25C (77F) of a sample that has received onlyminimum disturbance in transferring to a grease worker cup ordimensionally equivalent rigid
22、 container.3.2.6 worked penetration, nof lubricating grease, thepenetration at 25C (77F), without delay, of a sample after 60double strokes in a standard grease worker.3.2.7 working, nof lubricating grease, the subjection of asample to the shearing action of the standard grease worker.4. Summary of
23、Test Method4.1 For unworked penetration, the sample is brought to 256 0.5C (77 6 1F) in a worker cup or other suitable container.The cone assembly of the penetrometer is released and allowedto drop freely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determina-tions are made and averaged to give the reported
24、 result.4.2 For worked penetration, the sample is brought to 25 60.5C (77 6 1F) and placed in the worker cup. The sample issubjected to 60 double strokes in the grease worker. Thepenetration is determined immediately by releasing the coneassembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to dropfr
25、eely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations aremade and averaged to give the reported result.4.3 For prolonged worked penetration, the sample is placedin the worker cup and subjected to a predetermined number ofdouble strokes in the grease worker. Following completion ofthe prolonged wo
26、rking, the grease and worker assembly arebrought to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and the grease is worked anadditional 60 double strokes in the grease worker. The pen-etration is determined immediately by releasing the coneassembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to dropfreely into the grease for
27、 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations aremade and averaged to give the reported result.4.4 For block penetration, a cube of the grease is preparedby slicing off a thin layer using the grease cutter. The cube ofgrease is brought to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and placed on thepenetrometer table with the prepared
28、face upward. The pen-etration is determined by releasing the cone assembly from thepenetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into thegrease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made andaveraged to give the reported result.5. Significance and Use5.1 These cone penetration tests not only ev
29、aluate theconsistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGInumbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency ofstiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. Incontrast, Test Method D 937 is aimed at petrolatums and TestMethod D 1403 uses less precise one-quarter and one-
30、halfscale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity islimited.FIG. 1 PenetrometerD2170225.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of theconsistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are re-quired to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a greasebelongs. Undisturbed pe
31、netration results provide a means ofevaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consis-tency.5.3 Although no correlation has been developed betweencone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrationsobtained by the four procedures are widely used for specifica-tion purposes, s
32、uch as in users material specifications andsuppliers manufacturing specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Penetrometer, in accordance with A1.1. The instrumentshall be capable of indicating depth in tenths of a millimetre. Asketch of a generic penetrometer is shown in Fig. 1.6.2 Standard Penetrometer Cone,
33、in accordance with A1.2,is suitable for all penetrations. An optional penetrometer cone,in accordance with A1.3, is suitable only for penetrations lessthan 400. The optional cone should not be used to measure thepenetration of 00 and 000 grade greases.6.3 Grease Worker, comprising a grease cup, cove
34、r, andplunger assembly, in accordance with A1.4, constructed foreither manual or mechanical operation.6.3.1 Grease Worker Drive, Manual, in accordance withA1.5, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10double strokes per minute.6.3.2 Grease Worker Drive, Motorized, in accordance withA
35、1.6, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10double strokes per minute. This apparatus is essential for theworking step of the prolonged worked penetration procedure.6.4 Grease Cutter, in accordance with A1.7, is used forpreparation of samples for block penetration.6.5 Temperature Ba
36、th, either a water bath or an air bathcapable of controlling the bath temperature at 25 6 0.5C (776 1F) and designed to bring the assembled grease worker totest temperature conveniently. If a water bath is to be used forsamples for unworked penetration, means should be providedfor protecting the gre
37、ase surface from water and for maintain-ing the air above the sample at test temperature. An air bath ispreferred for bringing block greases to test temperature, but atightly sealed container placed in a water bath will suffice. Aconstant-temperature test room may be used instead of thetemperature b
38、ath.6.6 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade nomi-nally 32 mm (1.25 in.) wide and at least 150 mm (6 in.) long.6.7 Temperature-Measuring Device, with a sheath length ofapproximately 200 mm (8 in.) and a sheath diameter ofapproximately 3.7 mm (0.145 in.) (small enough to fit throughthe
39、vent cock). The temperature range of the device should bewide enough to allow it to be immersed in grease at approxi-mately 38C (100F) without damage. The scale should havesmall enough divisions (or digital resolution) to allow the userto read 60.5C (61F). A spacer can be applied to the upperportion
40、 of the sheath to hold the tip just above the perforatedplate of the grease worker and in the bulk of the sample (seeA1.3).6.8 Overflow Ring (optional), in accordance with A1.8, is auseful device for catching grease scraped from the samplesurface as well as any grease forced by the penetrometer cone
41、to overflow from the cup. This grease can be returned to theworker cup for subsequent testing.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Appropriate Volatile Gum-free Solvent, for example,light petroleum naphtha.7.2 Cloth or Paper Wiper, for wiping grease from thepenetrometer cone. The wiper should be soft, so as
42、 not toscratch the cone.8. Sampling8.1 Sample SizeSufficient sample (at least 0.4 kg (1 lb)for worked and prolonged worked penetrations and 1.2 kg (3lb) for unworked penetrations expected over 200) to overfill thecup of the standard grease worker is required. If the samplesize is insufficient and pe
43、netration ranges from NLGI 0 to 4,use Test Method D 1403. If the full-scale penetration valuecalculated in Test Method D 1403 is above 200, at least threetimes the amount needed to fill the one-quarter or one-halfscale worker cup is required.8.1.1 For block penetration, obtain a sufficient size samp
44、leof the grease, which must be hard enough to hold its shape, topermit cutting from it a 50-mm (2-in.) cube as a test specimen.8.2 Sample PreparationSamples are prepared for thevarious cone penetration test methods as follows:8.2.1 Unworked PenetrationPlace the empty greaseworker cup, or dimensional
45、ly equivalent rigid container, and anappropriate amount of the sample in a metal container in thetemperature bath maintained at 25 6 0.5C for sufficient timeto bring the temperature of the sample and the worker cup to 256 0.5C (77 6 1F). If the initial sample temperature differsfrom 25C by more than
46、 about 8C (15F), or if an alternativemethod of bringing the sample to 25C is used, allow sufficientadditional time to ensure that the specimen is at 25 6 0.5Cbefore proceeding. Also, if the sample is larger than 0.4 kg (1lb), allow sufficient additional time to ensure that the specimenis at 25 6 0.5
47、C. Testing may proceed if the specimen is at auniform temperature of 25 6 0.5C. Transfer the specimen,preferably in one lump, to overfill the cup of the grease workeror other container. Make this transfer in such a manner that thegrease will be worked as little as possible. Jar the cup to driveout t
48、rapped air and pack the grease with the spatula, with aslittle manipulation as possible, to obtain a cupful without airpockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending over the rim,creating a flat surface, by moving the blade of the spatula, heldinclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of
49、approxi-mately 45, across the rim of the cup (Fig. 2). Do not performany further leveling or smoothing of the surface throughout thedetermination of unworked penetration and determine themeasurement immediately.8.2.1.1 The penetrations of soft greases are dependent uponthe diameter of the container. Therefore, greases having un-worked penetrations greater than 265 should be tested incontainers having the same diameter limitations as those of theworker cup. The results on greases having penetrations lessthan 265 are not signifi
