1、Designation: D 217 02 (Reapproved 2007)Designation: 50/88An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forCone Penetration of Lubricating Grease1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.
3、1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuringthe consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of acone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetrationis measured in tenths of a millimetre.NOTE 1The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)2classifiedgreases accordin
4、g to their consistency as measured by the workedpenetration. The classification system is as follows:NLGIConsistency NumberWorked Penetration Range,25C (77F)000 445 to 47500 400 to 4300 355 to 3851 310 to 3402 265 to 2953 220 to 2504 175 to 2055 130 to 1606 85to1151.1.1 The procedures for unworked,
5、worked, and prolongedworked penetration are applicable to greases having penetra-tions between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistencynumbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbedpenetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to theunworked penetration test.1.1.2 The block pen
6、etration procedure is applicable togreases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Suchgreases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of amillimetre.1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable forthe measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetra-tion. Test M
7、ethod D 937 should be used for such products.1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these testmethods are given in inches and fractions of an inch. Theseunits were retained because a vast body of data has beenobtained using equipment with the dimensions shown. Metricequivalency tables are
8、provided with each figure. Temperaturesand other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; thevalues shown in parentheses are provided for information.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
9、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of PetrolatumD 1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGrease U
10、sing One-Quarter and One-Half Scale ConeEquipment3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 consistency, nof lubricating grease, the degree ofresistance to movement under stress.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term consistency is used some-what synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistencyrefers to the worke
11、d penetration of a grease.3.1.2 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.1These test methods are the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.G0.02 on Cons
12、istency and Related Rheological Tests. In the IP, these testmethods are under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. These testmethods were adopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1969.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous
13、 edition approved in 2002 as D 21702.2National Lubricating Grease Institute, 4635 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, MO64112-1596.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, re
14、fer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 10 23:15:03 EST 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to
15、 License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.3.1.3 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and ot
16、her physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties.3.1.4 penetrometer, nan instrument that measures theconsistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials bymeasuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle undera given force falls into the materi
17、al.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn this test method, either a standardpenetrometer 6.2 or an optional penetrometer coneA1.3 can beused to determine the consistency of lubricating greases. Thepenetration force is determined by the mass of the cone and theshaft.3.1.5 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substanc
18、e com-posed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such asvarious metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at most, only veryslightly soluble in
19、the liquid lubricant. The general require-ments are that the solid particles be extremely small, uniformlydispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-likestructure with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 block penetration, nof lubricating gre
20、ase, the pen-etration at 25C (77F) determined on the freshly prepared faceof a cube cut from a sample that is sufficiently hard to hold itsshape.3.2.2 penetration, nof lubricating grease, the depth thatthe standard cone (see A1.1), enters the sample when releasedto fall under its own weight for 5 s.
21、3.2.3 penetrometer, nan instrument (see Fig. 1) designedto measure the depth to which the standard cone falls into thegrease.3.2.4 prolonged worked penetration, nof lubricatinggrease, the penetration of a sample after it has been workedmore than 60 double strokes in a standard grease worker at atemp
22、erature of 15 to 30C (59 to 86F).3.2.4.1 DiscussionAfter the prescribed number of doublestrokes, the worker and contents are brought to 25C (77F),worked an additional 60 double strokes, and penetrated withoutdelay.3.2.5 unworked penetration, nof lubricating grease, thepenetration at 25C (77F) of a s
23、ample that has received onlyminimum disturbance in transferring to a grease worker cup ordimensionally equivalent rigid container.3.2.6 worked penetration, nof lubricating grease, thepenetration at 25C (77F), without delay, of a sample after 60double strokes in a standard grease worker.3.2.7 working
24、, nof lubricating grease, the subjection of asample to the shearing action of the standard grease worker.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 For unworked penetration, the sample is brought to 256 0.5C (77 6 1F) in a worker cup or other suitable container.The cone assembly of the penetrometer is released an
25、d allowedto drop freely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determina-tions are made and averaged to give the reported result.4.2 For worked penetration, the sample is brought to 25 60.5C (77 6 1F) and placed in the worker cup. The sample issubjected to 60 double strokes in the grease worker. Thepe
26、netration is determined immediately by releasing the coneassembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to dropfreely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations aremade and averaged to give the reported result.4.3 For prolonged worked penetration, the sample is placedin the worker cup
27、 and subjected to a predetermined number ofdouble strokes in the grease worker. Following completion ofthe prolonged working, the grease and worker assembly arebrought to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and the grease is worked anadditional 60 double strokes in the grease worker. The pen-etration is determined
28、immediately by releasing the coneassembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to dropfreely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations aremade and averaged to give the reported result.4.4 For block penetration, a cube of the grease is preparedby slicing off a thin layer using the gr
29、ease cutter. The cube ofgrease is brought to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and placed on thepenetrometer table with the prepared face upward. The pen-etration is determined by releasing the cone assembly from thepenetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into thegrease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinatio
30、ns are made andaveraged to give the reported result.FIG. 1 PenetrometerD 217 02 (2007)2Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 10 23:15:03 EST 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.5. Significance and Use5.1 These c
31、one penetration tests not only evaluate theconsistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGInumbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency ofstiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. Incontrast, Test Method D 937 is aimed at petrolatums and TestMethod D 1403 uses
32、less precise one-quarter and one-halfscale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity islimited.5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of theconsistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are re-quired to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a greasebelongs. Undistu
33、rbed penetration results provide a means ofevaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consis-tency.5.3 Although no correlation has been developed betweencone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrationsobtained by the four procedures are widely used for specifica-tion purp
34、oses, such as in users material specifications andsuppliers manufacturing specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Penetrometer, in accordance with A1.1. The instrumentshall be capable of indicating depth in tenths of a millimetre. Asketch of a generic penetrometer is shown in Fig. 1.6.2 Standard Penetrometer
35、 Cone, in accordance with A1.2,is suitable for all penetrations. An optional penetrometer cone,in accordance with A1.3, is suitable only for penetrations lessthan 400. The optional cone should not be used to measure thepenetration of 00 and 000 grade greases.6.3 Grease Worker, comprising a grease cu
36、p, cover, andplunger assembly, in accordance with A1.4, constructed foreither manual or mechanical operation.6.3.1 Grease Worker Drive, Manual, in accordance withA1.5, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10double strokes per minute.6.3.2 Grease Worker Drive, Motorized, in accordanc
37、e withA1.6, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10double strokes per minute. This apparatus is essential for theworking step of the prolonged worked penetration procedure.6.4 Grease Cutter, in accordance with A1.7, is used forpreparation of samples for block penetration.6.5 Tempera
38、ture Bath, either a water bath or an air bathcapable of controlling the bath temperature at 25 6 0.5C (776 1F) and designed to bring the assembled grease worker totest temperature conveniently. If a water bath is to be used forsamples for unworked penetration, means should be providedfor protecting
39、the grease surface from water and for maintain-ing the air above the sample at test temperature. An air bath ispreferred for bringing block greases to test temperature, but atightly sealed container placed in a water bath will suffice. Aconstant-temperature test room may be used instead of thetemper
40、ature bath.6.6 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade nomi-nally 32 mm (1.25 in.) wide and at least 150 mm (6 in.) long.6.7 Temperature-Measuring Device, with a sheath length ofapproximately 200 mm (8 in.) and a sheath diameter ofapproximately 3.7 mm (0.145 in.) (small enough to fit thro
41、ughthe vent cock). The temperature range of the device should bewide enough to allow it to be immersed in grease at approxi-mately 38C (100F) without damage. The scale should havesmall enough divisions (or digital resolution) to allow the userto read 60.5C (61F). A spacer can be applied to the upper
42、portion of the sheath to hold the tip just above the perforatedplate of the grease worker and in the bulk of the sample (seeA1.3).6.8 Overflow Ring (optional), in accordance with A1.8,isauseful device for catching grease scraped from the samplesurface as well as any grease forced by the penetrometer
43、 coneto overflow from the cup. This grease can be returned to theworker cup for subsequent testing.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Appropriate Volatile Gum-free Solvent, for example,light petroleum naphtha.7.2 Cloth or Paper Wiper, for wiping grease from thepenetrometer cone. The wiper should be soft,
44、so as not toscratch the cone.8. Sampling8.1 Sample SizeSufficient sample (at least 0.4 kg (1 lb)for worked and prolonged worked penetrations and 1.2 kg (3lb) for unworked penetrations expected over 200) to overfill thecup of the standard grease worker is required. If the samplesize is insufficient a
45、nd penetration ranges from NLGI 0 to 4,use Test Method D 1403. If the full-scale penetration valuecalculated in Test Method D 1403 is above 200, at least threetimes the amount needed to fill the one-quarter or one-halfscale worker cup is required.8.1.1 For block penetration, obtain a sufficient size
46、 sampleof the grease, which must be hard enough to hold its shape, topermit cutting from it a 50-mm (2-in.) cube as a test specimen.8.2 Sample PreparationSamples are prepared for thevarious cone penetration test methods as follows:8.2.1 Unworked PenetrationPlace the empty greaseworker cup, or dimens
47、ionally equivalent rigid container, and anappropriate amount of the sample in a metal container in thetemperature bath maintained at 25 6 0.5C for sufficient timeto bring the temperature of the sample and the worker cup to 256 0.5C (77 6 1F). If the initial sample temperature differsfrom 25C by more
48、 than about 8C (15F), or if an alternativemethod of bringing the sample to 25C is used, allow sufficientadditional time to ensure that the specimen is at 25 6 0.5Cbefore proceeding. Also, if the sample is larger than 0.4 kg (1lb), allow sufficient additional time to ensure that the specimenis at 25
49、6 0.5C. Testing may proceed if the specimen is at auniform temperature of 25 6 0.5C. Transfer the specimen,preferably in one lump, to overfill the cup of the grease workeror other container. Make this transfer in such a manner that thegrease will be worked as little as possible. Jar the cup to driveout trapped air and pack the grease with the spatula, with aslittle manipulation as possible, to obtain a cupful without airpockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending over the rim,creating a flat surface, by moving the blad
