1、Designation: D229 09bD229 13 An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forRigid Sheet and Plate Materials Used for ElectricalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D229; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 Thes
3、e test methods cover procedures for testing rigid electrical insulation normally manufactured in flat sheet or plate form.They are generally used as terminal boards, spacers, voltage barriers, and circuit boards.NOTE 1For tests applying to vulcanized fibre reference needs to be made to Test Methods
4、D619.NOTE 2This standard resembles IEC 60893-2, Specification for Rigid Industrial Laminated Sheets Based On Thermosetting Resins for ElectricalPurpose, Methods of Tests.1.2 Use Test Methods D619 (withdrawn) or Specification D710 for tests applying to vulcanized fibre.1.3 Some of the test methods co
5、ntained in this standard are similar to those contained in IEC 60893-2, which applies to rigidindustrial laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins for electrical purposes.1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:Test SectionsASTMTestMethodAcetone extractable matter 83 to 84 D494Arc
6、 resistance 47 D495Ash 56 to 60 .Bonding strength 49 to 54 .Burning rate and flame resistance 61 to 75 .Compressive strength 25 D695Conditioning 4 D6054Dissipation factor 34 to 40 D669Dielectric strength 28 to 33 D149Expansion (linear thermal) 76 D696Flexural properties 12 to 24 D790Hardness (Rockwe
7、ll) 55 D785Insulation resistance and resistivity 41 to 46 D257Permittivity 34 to 40 D150Resistance to impact 26 D256Tensile properties 7 to 11 D638Thickness 5 to 6 D374Tracking resistance 48 D2132Warp or twist 77 to 82 .Water absorption 27 D5701.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be rega
8、rded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This is a fire-test-response standard. See Sections 61 through 75, which are the procedures for burning rate and flameresistance.1.7 Th
9、is standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary
10、 statements are given in 31.1 and 1.61.8.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009Nov.
11、 1, 2013. Published November 2009November 2013. Originally approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2009 asD229 09a.D229 09b. DOI: 10.1520/D0229-09b.10.1520/D0229-13.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what ch
12、anges have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the off
13、icial document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.8 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and fl
14、ame under controlledconditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products,or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be empl
15、oyed in conducting thesetests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials atCommercial Power FrequenciesD150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constan
16、t) of Solid Electrical InsulationD256 Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of PlasticsD257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating MaterialsD374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insulation (Withdrawn 2013)3D494 Test Method for Acetone Ext
17、raction of Phenolic Molded or Laminated ProductsD495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation (Withdrawn 2013)3D570 Test Method for Water Absorption of PlasticsD617 Test Method for Punching Quality of Phenolic Laminated Sheets (Withdrawn 2003)3D619
18、 Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation (Withdrawn 2013)3D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD669 Test Method for Dissipation Factor and Permittivity Parallel with Laminations of Laminated Sheet and Plate Materials(Withdrawn 2012)3D695 Test Method for Compres
19、sive Properties of Rigid PlasticsD696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between 30C and 30C with a Vitreous SilicaDilatometerD710 Specification for Vulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, and Tubes Used for Electrical InsulationD785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plast
20、ics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1674 Test
21、 Method for Testing Polymerizable Embedding Compounds Used for Electrical Insulation (Withdrawn 1990)3D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD1825 Practice for Etching and Cleaning Copper-Clad Electrical Insulating Materials and Thermosetting Laminates forElectrical Testing (Withdrawn 20
22、12)3D2132 Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of Electrical Insulating MaterialsD2303 Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant, Inclined-Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating MaterialsD3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical ApparatusD5032 Practice for
23、 Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Glycerin SolutionsD6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Materials for Testing (Withdrawn 2012)3E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE197 Specification for Enclosures and Servicing Units for Tests Above and Below Room Temperatur
24、e (Withdrawn 1981)32.2 IEC Standard:IEC 608932 Specification for Rigid Industrial Laminated Sheets Based on Thermosetting Resins for Electrical Purpose,Methods of Tests42.3 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard:ISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabulary53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRi
25、gid electrical insulating materials are defined in these test methods in accordance with Terminology D883.The terminology applied to materials in these test methods shall be in accordance with the terms appearing in Terminologies D883and D1711. Use Terminology E176 and ISO 13943 for definitions of t
26、erms used in this test method and associated with fire issues.Where differences exist in definitions, those contained in Terminology E176 shall be used.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Sta
27、ndardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ans
28、i.org.5 Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from American National Standards Institute (ANSI),25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D229 1323.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1
29、In referring to the cutting, application, and loading of the specimens, the following terms apply:3.2.1.1 crosswise (CW), adjin the direction of the sheet at 90 to the lengthwise direction. This is normally the weakestdirection in flexure. For some materials, including the raw materials used for man
30、ufacture of materials considered herein, thisdirection may be designated as the cross-machine direction or the weft direction.3.2.1.2 edgewise loading, nmechanical force applied in the plane of the original sheet or plate.3.2.1.3 flatwise loading, nmechanical force applied normal to the surfaces of
31、the original sheet or plate.3.2.1.4 lengthwise (LW), adjin the direction of the sheet which is strongest in flexure. For some materials, including the rawmaterials used for the manufacture of materials considered herein, this direction may be designated as the machine direction orthe warp direction.
32、3.2.2 In referring to bonding strength, the following term applies:3.2.2.1 bonding strength, nthe force required to split a prescribed specimen under the test conditions specified herein.4. Conditioning4.1 The properties of the materials described in these test methods are affected by the temperatur
33、e and moisture exposure of thematerials to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the particular material and the specific property. Control of temperature andhumidity exposure is undertaken to: (1 ) obtain satisfactory test precision, or (2) study the behavior of the material as influencedby spec
34、ific temperature and humidity conditions.4.2 Unless otherwise specified in these test methods or by a specific ASTM material specification, or unless material behaviorat a specific exposure is desired, condition test specimens in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D6054 and test in theStandard
35、Laboratory Atmosphere (23 6 1.1 C, 50 6 2 % relative humidity).THICKNESS5. Apparatus and Procedure5.1 Measure thickness in accordance with Test Methods D374.5.2 On test specimens, the use of a machinists micrometer as specified in Method B is satisfactory for the determination ofthickness for all of
36、 the test methods that follow. Where it is convenient, use the deadweight dial micrometer, Method C.5.3 On large sheets, use Method B. Choose a micrometer with a yoke of sufficient size and rigidity to permit accuratemeasurements in the center of the sheet.6. Precision and Bias6.1 Results of compara
37、tive tests in several factories, measuring 36-in. (914-mm) square sheets by a variety of such devices,indicate that the trade is able to measure sheets 132 and 18 in. (1 and 3 mm) in thickness to accuracy of 0.0015 in. (0.0381 mm).(In the tests, , of 0.0005 in. (0.0127 mm) was obtained.)6.2 This tes
38、t method has no bias because the value for breaking strength is determined solely in terms of this test method itself.TENSILE PROPERTIES7. Test Specimens7.1 Machine the test specimens from sample material to conform to the dimensions of sheet and plate materials in Fig. 1.7.2 Prepare four LW and fou
39、r CW specimens.8. Rate of Loading8.1 The materials covered by these test methods generally exhibit high elastic modulus. Use any crosshead speed provided thatthe load and strain indicators are capable of accurate measurement at the speed used, except use 0.05 in./min (1 mm/min) in mattersof dispute.
40、9. Procedure9.1 Measure the tensile strength and elastic modulus in accordance with Test Method D638 except as modified in the followingparagraphs.9.2 Measure the width and thickness of the specimen to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) at several points along the length ofthe flat section, which is i
41、ndicated as Dimension F in Fig. 1. Record the minimum values of cross-sectional area so determined.9.3 Place the specimen in the grips of the testing machine, taking care to align the long axis of the specimen and the grips withan imaginary line joining the points of attachment of the grips to the m
42、achine. Allow 0.25 in. (6.3 mm) between the ends of thegripping surfaces and the shoulders of the fillet of the flat test specimen; thus, it is important that the ends of the gripping surfacesD229 133be the indicated distance apart, as shown in Fig. 1, at the start of the test.Tighten the grips even
43、ly and firmly to the degree necessaryto prevent slippage of the specimen during the test, but not to the point where the specimen would be crushed.9.4 Tensile StrengthSet the rate of loading. Load the specimen at the indicated rate until the specimen ruptures. Record themaximum load (usually the loa
44、d at rupture).9.5 Elastic ModulusWhen elastic modulus is desired, use a load-extension recorder with appropriate extension transmitter andproceed as in 9.3. Attach the extension transmitter, and proceed as in 9.4.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Complete identification of the m
45、aterial tested,10.1.2 Type of test specimen (I or II),10.1.3 Conditioning if other than specified,10.1.4 Speed of testing,10.1.5 Calculated tensile strength, average, maximum, and minimum in lb/in.2 (MPa), for LW and CW specimens, respectively,10.1.6 Calculated elastic modulus when applicable, avera
46、ge, maximum, and minimum in lb/in.2 (MPa), for LW and CWspecimens, respectively, and10.1.7 Any other tensile property calculated from the measurements obtained.11. Precision and Bias11.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but no statement for precision has been made and no activity is
47、plannedto develop such a statement.11.2 This test method has no bias because the value for breaking strength is determined solely in terms of this test method itself.See Test Method D638 for a discussion of precision and bias for tensile testing of plastics.FLEXURAL PROPERTIES12. Test Specimens12.1
48、Test four LW and four CW specimens machined from sample material in accordance with Test Methods D790.DimensionNominal Thickness, TTolerance14 in. (6 mm) or Under Over 14 in. (6 mm) to 12 in.(13 mm), incl Over 12 in. (13 mm) to 1in. (25 mm), inclAType I Type IIB Type I Type IIB Type Imm in. mm in. m
49、m in. mm in. mm in. mm in.CWidth over-all 19.05 0.750 19.05 0.750 28.57 1.125 28.57 1.125 38.10 1.500 0.40 + 0.0160.00 0.000WWidth of flat section 12.70 0.500 6.35 0.250 19.05 0.750 9.52 0.375 25.40 1.000 + 0.12 + 0.005FLength of flat section 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.250 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.25 0.40 0.016GGauge lengthC 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 0.40 0.016DDistance between grips 114 412 133 514 114 412 133 514 133 514 3 18LLength over-all 216 812 238 938 248 934 257 1018 305 12 min minRad.Radius of fillet
