1、Designation: D25 12 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Specification forRound Timber Piles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D25; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the physical characteristics ofunused
3、round timber piles to be used either treated or un-treated.1.2 This specification is not intended for preused pilesunless the piles have the quality specified by this specificationand design stresses equal to or greater than those derived fromMethod D2899.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units ar
4、e to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility
5、 of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization esta
6、blished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-uctsD2555
7、Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength ValuesD2899 Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses forRound Timber Piles3. Species of Wood3.1 Piles shall be of any species of wood for which clearwood strength values are given in Test Methods D2555.4. Classification4.1 Timber piles are commonly u
8、sed to transfer structuralloads to sub surface soil bearing strata by way of friction or tipend bearing forces, or both.4.2 Method D2899 provides a basis for specifying the pilesize. This standard gives a procedure for estimating the designstress at any location along the pile length. As design stre
9、ssmust always exceed that imposed under service conditions, thequotient of the structural loads divided by the design stressgives an estimate of the minimum section property required atany location.4.3 Under this specification, pile size requirements esti-mated at a critical location are extrapolate
10、d to either the tip orbutt end assuming a linear taper. For this specification, piles areclassified by nominal circumference and length.5. Quality Requirement (All Piles)5.1 Piles shall be of sound wood, free of decay, insectattack, marine borer attack, and Limnoria damage, except asherein allowed i
11、n 13.2 and 14.1.5.2 Piles shall be cut above the ground swell and have ataper from butt to tip.5.3 Piles shall have an average rate of growth measured inthe outer 50 % of the radius at the pile tip of not less than 6rings per inch and shall have an average summerwood contentof not less than 33.3 % i
12、n the outer 50 % of the tip radius.Exception: Piles with less than 6 rings per inch are acceptableif the average is 50 % or more summerwood present in theouter 50 % of the pile tip radius.5.4 Piles that cannot be adequately inspected for the physi-cal requirements specified in this specification due
13、 to adheringbarnacles or other material shall not be permitted.6. Lengths6.1 All piles shall be furnished in lengths specified, exceptthat tolerances shall be allowed as follows:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D
14、07.04 on Pole and Pile Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1915. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D25 12. DOI:10.1520/D0025-12R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service a
15、t serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accord
16、ance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.16.1.1 Piles 40 ft (12.2 m) and sh
17、orterplus 1 ft (0.3 m),minus 6 in. (152 mm).6.1.2 Piles 41 ft (12.5 m) or longerplus 2 ft (0.6 m), minus6 in. (152 mm).7. Sizes7.1 Pile sizes are specified according to nominal circumfer-ence 3 ft from the butt or at the tip. Tables are provided inAppendix X1.1 to facilitate the selection of pile di
18、mensions.7.2 The out-of-round ratio (maximum to minimum diam-eter) at the butt or the tip shall not exceed 1.2.7.3 All circumference measurements shall be taken underthe bark.7.4 Circumference at the butt shall not exceed circumfer-ence 3 ft (0.9 m) from the butt by more than 8 in. (203 mm).7.5 Circ
19、umferences given in Tables X1.2-X1.5 are mini-mum values. No more than 10 % of piles in any shipment shallhave tip circumferences less than the tabulated values. Of thosethat are below tabulated values, none shall vary from tabulatedvalues by more than 2 in. (51 mm).8. Sapwood8.1 Wood piles for pres
20、ervative treatment shall have suffi-cient sapwood to meet minimum penetration requirements.9. Cutting and Trimming9.1 Butts and tips of piles shall be sawed square with theaxis of the piles and shall not be out of square by more than110in./in. (100 mm/m) of diameter.9.2 All knots and limbs shall be
21、cut flush with the surface ofthe pile, except that knots may be hand-trimmed flush with thesurface of the swell surrounding the knot.10. Peeling (Shaving)10.1 Piles are classified according to the extent of barkremoval as clean-peeled, rough-peeled, or unpeeled.10.1.1 Clean-peeled piles require the
22、removal of all outerbark. In addition, at least 80 % of the inner bark, well-distributed over the surface of the pile, shall be removed. Pilesfor preservative treatment shall have no strip of inner barklarger than 1 by 6 in. (25 by 152 mm).10.1.2 Rough-peeled piles require the complete removal ofall
23、 outer bark.10.1.3 Unpeeled piles require no bark removal.11. Straightness11.1 A straight line from the center of the butt to the centerof the tip shall lie entirely within the body of the pile.11.2 Piles shall be free from short crooks that deviate morethan 212 in. (64 mm) from straightness in any
24、5-ft (1.5-m)length (see Fig. 1).12. Twist of Grain12.1 Spiral grain shall not exceed 180 deg of twist whenmeasured over any 20-ft (6.1-m) section of the pile.13. Knots13.1 Sound knots shall be no larger than one sixth thecircumference of the pile located where the knot occurs.The three cases shown a
25、re typical, and are intended to establish the principle of measuring shorty crooks. There may be other cases not exactly like those illustrated.NOTE 15 ft = 1.5 mFIG. 1 Measurement of Short CrookD25 12 (2017)2Cluster knots shall be considered as a single knot, and theentire cluster cannot be greater
26、 in size than permitted for asingle knot. The sum of knot diameters in any 1-ft (304-mm)length of pile shall not exceed one third of the circumferenceat the point where they occur. Knots shall be measured inaccordance with Terminology D9, and at a right angle to thelength of the pile.13.2 Piles may
27、have unsound knots not exceeding half thepermitted size of a sound knot, provided that the unsoundnessextends to not more than a 112-in. (38-mm) depth, and that theadjacent areas of the trunk are not affected.14. Holes and Scars14.1 Holes less than12 in. (12.7 mm) in average diametershall be permitt
28、ed in the external tangential surface of piles,provided that the sum of the average diameters of all holes inany square foot of pile surface does not exceed 112 in. (38mm), and the depth of any hole does not extend to more than112 in. (38 mm) and provided that the holes are not caused bydecay, marin
29、e borer attack, or Limnoria damage.14.2 Internal holes or damage to the cross-section (bearing)surfaces caused by decay, marine borers (shipworms orpholads), or insects are not permitted.14.3 Piles having sound turpentine scars undamaged byinsects shall be permitted.15. Checks, Shakes, and Splits15.
30、1 A check shall not extend any deeper than to the pith.There shall not be any two or more checks extending to the pithwhich become contiguous at the pith, except as modified by15.3.Acheck is defined as a lengthwise separation of the woodacross the rings of normal growth, extending from the surfaceto
31、ward the pith, but not extending through the piece.15.2 The length of any shake or combination of shakes inthe outer one half of the radius of the butt of the pile, whenmeasured along the curve of the annual ring, shall not exceedone third of the circumference of the butt of the pile. A shakeis defi
32、ned as a circumferential separation of the rings of normalgrowth.15.3 Splits shall not be longer than the butt diameter. A splitis defined as a lengthwise separation of the wood across therings of normal growth, extending from one surface throughthe piece to the opposite surface.16. Keywords16.1 pil
33、es; round timber piles; timberAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PILE SIZE OPTIONSX1.1 Two pile classification systems have evolved alongwith Specification D25 since its adoption in 1937. The originalversion of the standard referenced three pile Classes (A, B andC). These classes targeted differe
34、nt end uses: “A” was desig-nated for use in railway trestles and bridges,“ B” was for use indocks, wharves and highway work and “C” was for use insubmerged foundations, cofferdams falsework and temporarystructures. The main difference between classesAand B was inthe size cap they would support (mini
35、mum of 14 in. for classAand 12 in. for class B). Class C was of lower quality. In 1970the 3-Class system table of sizes was replaced with two tablesgiving common round timber dimensions arranged to facilitatethe selection of piles according to a required minimum buttdimension (friction piles) or a r
36、equired minimum tip dimension(end-bearing piles). In 1991, the two table system was replacedwith four tables, reflecting the difference in shape of southernpine piles and Class A and B were referenced in a footnote tothe required minimum butt tables.X1.1.1 In 1998, it was voted to place greater emph
37、asis onclass A and B pile sizes and add an “eight inch tip, naturaltaper” classification. The class A and B sizes shown in TableX1.1 are the same as those presented in the original 1937edition of Specification D25. The “8 inch tip” class adopted byNew York City in the 1960s is a replacement for clas
38、s C andapplies for piles up to 40 ft in length.X1.2 Tables X1.2-X1.5 provide options for major pilespecies specified according to either a minimum nominal buttor a minimum nominal tip circumference. When the buttcircumference is specified, the tip circumference shall not beless than that shown in Ta
39、bles X1.2 and X1.3. When the topcircumference is specified, the butt circumference shall not beless than that shown in Tables X1.4 and X1.5. The differencesbetween Tables X1.2 and X1.3 and Tables X1.4 and X1.5reflect the difference between southern pine and the predomi-nate west coast species. South
40、ern pine generally has a lineartaper of roughly 0.2 in./ft from the butt to the tip. Thepredominant west coast pile species exhibit a smaller taperbelow 20 ft from the butt, giving them larger tips for a givenbutt size.D25 12 (2017)3TABLE X1.1 Specified Minimum Butt and Tip Sizes for Class Aand Clas
41、s B PilesLength (ft)Pile Circumference (in.)Diameter (in.) given in bracketsClass A Class BA8in.tip3 ft from butt mintip3 ft from butt mintipmin max min maxDouglas Fir, Southern PineUnder 40 25 2557 28 38 8 840-54, incl. 18 9 122255-74, incl. 44 57 25 63 714 20 8 2075-90, incl. 22 41 1963 7 13 6Over
42、 90 20 19 166 6OakUnder 30 28 38 57 229 12 18 730-40, incl. 44 57 1914 18 25 41 63 6Over 40 8 13 20 165AFor Class B piles a minimum circumference of 34 in. (864 mm) or a diameter of11 in. (279 mm) at a point 3 ft (1 m) from the butt may be specified for lengths of25 ft (7.6 m) and under.D25 12 (2017
43、)4TABLE X1.2 Specified Butt Circumferences with Corresponding Minimum Tip Circumferences for Coast Douglas Fir Piles and OtherSpecies, Except Southern Yellow PineA,BApproximate Diameters in BracketsRequired Minimum 22 25 28 31 35 38 41 44 47 50 57Circumference, in. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 183 ft
44、from ButtsLength (ft) Minimum Tip Circumferences, in.20 16.0 16.0 16.0 18.0 22.0 25.0 28.0 . . . .5.1 5.1 5.1 5.7 7.0 8.0 8.925 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 . . .5.1 5.1 5.1 5.3 6.5 7.5 8.4 9.430 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 28.0 . . .5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.935 . . . 16.0 17.
45、5 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 . .5.1 5.6 6.5 7.5 8.4 9.440 . . . 16.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 28.0 . .5.1 5.1 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.945 . . . . 16.0 17.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 .5.1 5.6 6.5 7.5 8.4 9.450 . . . . 16.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 28.0 .5.1 5.1 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.955 . . . . . 16.0 17.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 33.55.1 5.6 6.5 7.5
46、 8.4 10.760 . . . . . 16.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 32.05.1 5.1 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.265 . . . . . 16.0 16.0 17.5 20.5 23.5 30.55.1 5.1 5.6 6.5 7.5 9.770 . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 29.05.1 5.1 5.1 6.0 7.0 9.275 . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 17.5 20.5 27.55.1 5.1 5.6 6.5 8.880 . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.0 19.0 26
47、.05.1 5.1 5.1 6.0 8.385 . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.0 17.5 24.55.1 5.1 5.1 5.6 7.890 . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 23.05.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 7.395 . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 21.55.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 6.8100 . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 20.05.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 6.4105 . . . . . . . . . 16.0 18.55.1 5.9110 . .
48、. . . . . . . 16.0 17.05.1 5.4115 . . . . . . . . . . 16.05.1120 . . . . . . . . . . 16.05.1AWhere the taper applied to the butt circumferences calculate to a circumference at the tip of less than 16 in., the individual values have been increased to 16 in. to ensurea minimum of 5-in. tip for purposes of driving.BTo convert to metric dimensions, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.D25 12 (2017)5TABLE X1.3 Specified Butt Circumferences with Corresponding Minimum Tip Circumferences for Southern Yellow Pine PilesA,B,C,D,ERequired Minimum 22 25 28 31 35 38 41 44 47 50 57Circumference, in. 7 8 9
