1、Designation: D396 12Standard Specification forFuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year
2、 of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oilintended for use in various types of
3、 fuel-oil-burning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These gradesare described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, andNo. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic andsmall industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500are particul
4、arly adapted to vaporizing type burners or wherestorage conditions require low pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillatefuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used incommercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosityrange.1.1.3 Grades No. 5 (Light), No
5、. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 areresidual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used inindustrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handlingand proper atomization.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology andtest methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.NO
6、TE 2A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is givenin X1.3.1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agenciesin formulating specifications to be included in contracts forpurchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fueloils in the selection of the grades most
7、 suitable for their needs.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local regulations which can be morerestrictive.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.NOTE 3The generation a
8、nd dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-tion on the subject, see Guide D4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petrole
9、um Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral
10、High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-troleum Products by Copper Strip TestD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oi
11、lsby the Extraction MethodD482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
12、Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-
13、ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubric
14、ants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published June 2012. Originallyapproved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D39610. DOI:10.1520/D0396-12.2For referenced A
15、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright A
16、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampli
17、ng of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Tr
18、ace ContaminationD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5842 Practice for Sampling and
19、 Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method
20、)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsD6749 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Air Pressure Method)D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)for Middle Distillat
21、e FuelsD6892 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Robotic Tilt Method)D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fuelby Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluores-cence Spectrometry2.2 Other Documents:26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color andConcentration340 CF
22、R Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives3EN 14078 Determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)content in middle distillates Infrared spectrometrymethod43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 biodiesel, nfuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters oflong chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils o
23、r animalfats, designated B100.3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), nblend of biodiesel fuel withfuel oils.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the abbreviation BXX, the XX rep-resents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.4. General Requirements4.1 The grades of fuel oil specified herein shall be homo-geneou
24、s hydrocarbon based oils, free from inorganic acid, andfree from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter.4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remainuniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into lightand heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for th
25、egrade.4.3 Fuels Blended with BiodieselThe detailed require-ments for fuels blended with biodiesel shall be as follows:4.3.1 Biodiesel for BlendingIf biodiesel is a component ofany fuel oil, the biodiesel shall meet the requirements ofSpecification D6751.4.3.2 Fuel oil containing up to 5 vol% biodie
26、sel shall meetthe requirements for the appropriate grade No. 1 or No. 2 fuelas listed in Table 1.4.3.3 Test Method EN 14078 shall be used for determina-tion of the vol% biodiesel in a biodiesel blend.4.3.4 Fuel oils containing more than 5 vol% biodieselcomponent are not included in this specificatio
27、n.4.3.5 Biodiesel blends with Grades 4, 5, or 6 are not coveredby this specification.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of fuel oil shall conform to thelimiting requirements shown in Table 1. A representativesample shall be taken for testing in accordance with PracticeD4057.5.2 Modificat
28、ions of limiting requirements to meet specialoperating conditions agreed upon between the purchaser, theseller, and the supplier shall fall within limits specified for eachgrade, except as stated in supplementary footnotes for Table 1.6. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling6.1 The reader is str
29、ongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to sampling in order to understand the impor-tance and effects of sampling technique, proper containers, andspecial handling required for each test method.6.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtaining asample representative of the fu
30、el oil to be tested. Refer to X1.4for recommendations. The recommended procedures or prac-tices provide techniques useful in the proper sampling orhandling of fuels oils.7. Test Methods7.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
31、methods,5except as may be required under 7.1.1.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Docu-ments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.4Available from the National CEN members listed on the CEN website(www.cenorm.be) or from the CEN/TC 19 Secretari
32、at (astmnen.nl).5For information on the precision of the ASTM test methods for fuel oils referto “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.Crawford, Esso Mathematics and Systems Inc. and G. V. Dyroff, Esso Research andEngineering Co., 1969. This document is availabl
33、e from the Publications Section,API Library,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 LSt., NW,Washington, DC 20005.D396 1227.1.1 Flash PointTest Method D93 (Procedure A) forGrades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500,and No. 4 (Light), and Test Method D93 (Procedure B) forGrades No. 4, No. 5 (
34、Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6, exceptwhere other methods are prescribed by law. For Grades No. 1S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 4(Light), Test Methods D3828 may be used as an alternate withthe same limits. For Grades No. 1, No. 1 Low Sulfur, No. 2,and No. 2 Low Sulfur, Test Me
35、thod D56 may be used as analternate with the same limits, provided the flash point is below93C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm2/s at 40C. This testmethod will give slightly lower values. In cases of dispute, TestMethod D93, with the appropriate procedure, shall be used asthe referee method.7.1.2 P
36、our PointTest Method D97. For all grades, theautomatic Test Methods D5949, D5950, D5985, D6749, andD6892 can be used as alternates with the same limits. In caseof dispute, Test Method D97 shall be used as the refereemethod. Alternative test methods that indicate flow pointproperties can be used for
37、low sulfur residual fuels byagreement between purchaser and supplier.7.1.2.1 The maximum Pour Point limits specified in Table 1should be adequate under most circumstances for shipment anduse of Fuel Oil fromApril through September and in operationsyear round where larger storage tanks (1000 gallons)
38、 are inuse and appropriate consideration has been given to operatingconditions as described in X2.1.2.7.1.2.2 Table 2 lists 10th percentile ambient temperatures asguidance for smaller Fuel Oil storage conditions (5.5 . . .max 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 5.5 24.0EKinematic viscosity at 100C, mm2/s D445min . . .
39、. . . 5.0 9.0 15.0max . . . . . . 8.9E14.9E50.0ERamsbottom carbon residue on 10 %distillation residue % mass, maxD524 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.35 . . . . .Ash, % mass, max D482 . . . . 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 .Sulfur, % mass maxFD129 . 0.5 . 0.5 . . . . .D2622 0.05 . 0.05 .Copper strip corrosion rating, max,3 h
40、 at a minimum controltemperature of 50CD130 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 . . . . .Density at 15C, kg/m3D1298min . . . . 876G. . . .max 850 850 876 876 . . . . .Pour Point C, maxHD97 18 18 6 6 6 6 . .IAIt is the intent of these classifications that failure to meet any requirement of a given grade does not
41、 automatically place an oil in the next lower grade unless in factit meets all requirements of the lower grade. However, to meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon amongthe purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.BRefer to 7.1.2.1 for Low T
42、emperature guidance for 0.1 mass% No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S5000, No. 4 (Light),No. 5 (Heavy), No. 6mass%D1266 0.01 to 0.4 mass% No. 1 S500, No. 2 S500 mass%D1552 0.06 mass% No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S5000, No. 4 (Light),No. 4, No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), No. 6mass%D2622(referee for S500 grades)0.0003 to 5.3 m
43、ass% All Grades mass%D4294 0.0150 to 5.00 mass% All Grades mass%D5453 1.0 to 8000 mg/kg(0.0001 to 0.8 mass%)All Grades mg/kgD7039 4to17mg/kg(0.0004 to 0.0017 mass%)S500 grades only if the sulfurresult is less than 17 mg/kgmg/kgD396 126grade number). If it must be fluid at a given temperature, TestMe
44、thod D97 need not accurately reflect the pour point whichcan be expected after a period of storage. It is suggested thatthe purchaser and supplier discuss the proper handling andoperating techniques for a given low-sulfur residual fuel oil inthe installation where it is to be used.X1.4 Sampling, Con
45、tainers, and Sample HandlingX1.4.1 IntroductionThis appendix section provides guid-ance on methods and techniques for the proper sampling of fueloils. As fuel oil specifications become more stringent, andcontaminants and impurities become more tightly controlled,even greater care needs to be taken i
46、n collecting and storingsamples for quality assessment.X1.4.2 Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling Rec-ommendations:X1.4.2.1 Appropriate manual method sampling proceduresfound in Practice D4057, and automatic method sampling iscovered in Practice D4177.X1.4.2.2 The correct sample volume and app
47、ropriate con-tainer selection are important decisions that can impact testresults. Refer to Practice D4306 for aviation fuel containerselection for tests sensitive to trace contamination. Refer toPractice D5854 for procedures on container selection andsample mixing and handling.X1.4.2.3 For volatili
48、ty determination of a sample, refer toPractice D5842 for special precautions recommended forrepresentative sampling and handling instructions.X1.5 Significance of Test MethodsX1.5.1 The significance of the properties of fuel oil onwhich limitations are placed by the specification is as follows:X1.5.
49、1.1 Flash PointThe flash point of a fuel oil is anindication of the maximum temperature at which it can bestored and handled without serious fire hazard. The minimumpermissible flash point is usually regulated by federal, state, ormunicipal laws and is based on accepted practice in handlingand use.X1.5.1.2 Reduced Temperature PropertiesThe fuelscloud and pour points are good measures for determining lowtemperature operability with a batch of fuel oil. It is especiallyimportant to consider these fuel properties if the heating oilwill be subjected to low
