1、Designation: D396 18Standard Specification forFuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year
2、 of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oilintended for use in various typ
3、es of fuel-oil-burning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These gradesare described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuelsfor use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1S5000,
4、 No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted tovaporizing type burners or where storage conditions requirelow pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades B6B20 S5000, B6B20 S500, and B6B20S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use indomestic and small industrial burners.1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Ligh
5、t) and No. 4 are heavy distillatefuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used incommercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosityrange.1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 areresidual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used inindustrial burners. Preheati
6、ng is usually required for handlingand proper atomization.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology andtest methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.NOTE 2A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is givenin X1.3.1.2 This specification is for the use of pur
7、chasing agenciesin formulating specifications to be included in contracts forpurchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fueloils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local regula
8、tions which can be morerestrictive.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and in7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in theindustry.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the
9、handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-tion on the subject, see Guide D4865.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Sta
10、ndards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospher
11、ic PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposi
12、tion Device Method)D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oilsby the Extraction Met
13、hodD482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committe
14、e D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and MarineFuels.Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2017 a
15、s D396 17a. DOI:10.1520/D0396-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes sectio
16、n appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on P
17、rinciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1TABLE1DetailedRequirementsforFuelOilsA,BPropertyASTMTestMethodCNo.1S15CNo.1S500CNo.1S5000CNo.2S15CNo.2S500CNo.2S5000CB6B20S15CB6B20S
18、500CB6B20 S5000CNo.4(Light)CNo.4No.5(Light)No.5(Heavy)No.6FlashPoint,C,minD93Proc.AD93Proc.B38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.55.55.55.60Waterandsediment,percentbyvolume,maxD27090.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.05.D95+D473.(0.50)D(0.50)D(1.00)D(1.00)D(2.00)DDistillationTemperature,CD8610%volumerecovere
19、d,max215215215.90%volumerecovered,min.28228228228228228290%volumerecovered,max288288288338338338343343343Kinematicviscosityat40C,mm2/sD445min1.31.31.31.91.91.91.31.31.31.95.5.max2.42.42.44.14.14.14.14.14.15.524.0EKinematicviscosityat100C,mm2/sD445min.5.09.015.0max.8.9E14.9E50.0ERamsbottomcarbonresid
20、ueon10%distillationresiduepercentbymass,maxD5240.150.150.150.350.350.350.350.350.35.Ash,percentbymass,maxD482.0.050.100.150.15.Sulfur,percentbymassmaxFD2622.0.050.5.0.050.5.0.050.5D54530.0015.0.0015.0.0015.Lubricity,HFRR60C,micron,maxD6079/D7688520520520520520520520K520K520KCopperstripcorrosionratin
21、g,max,3hataminimumcontroltemperatureof50CD130No.3No.3No.3No.3No.3No.3No.3No.3No.3.Densityat15C,kg/m3D1298min.876G.max850850850876876876876876876.PourPointC,maxHD9718181866666666.IOxidationStability,hours,minEN15751.666AcidNumber,mgKOH/g,maxD664.0.30.30.3BiodieselContent,percent(V/V)JD7371.620.620.62
22、0.Conductivity(pS/m)orConductivityUnits(C.U.),minD2624/D430825L25L25L25L25L25L25L25L25LAItistheintentoftheseclassificationsthatfailuretomeetanyrequirementofagivengradedoesnotautomaticallyplaceanoilinthenextlowergradeunlessinfactitmeetsallrequirementsofthelowergrade.However,tomeetspecialoperatingcond
23、itions,modificationsofindividuallimitingrequirementsmaybeagreeduponamongthepurchaser,seller,andmanufacturer.BReferto7.1.2.1forLowTemperatureguidancefor1000 gal) are in useand appropriate consideration has been given to operatingconditions as described in X2.1.2.7.1.2.2 Table 2 lists 10th percentile
24、ambient temperatures asguidance for smaller Fuel Oil storage conditions (1000 gal inoutside or unheated storage) in the United States (see X2.1.3,Current Practices). Appropriate low temperature operabilityproperties should be agreed upon between the fuel supplier andpurchaser for the intended use an
25、d expected ambient tempera-tures. The 10th percentile ambient temperatures are divided bymonth (October through March) and by state or by specificportion of a state. Smaller storage containers are commonlyused and stored outside in home heating oil applications (275gal and 550 gal outside storage ta
26、nks are typical).7.1.2.3 The low temperature recommendations discussed inX2.1.3 may be met by Test Method D2500 Cloud Point (or anapproved alternative test method) or by Test Method D97 PourPoint (or an approved alternative test method). If Pour Point isused then the difference between the Cloud Poi
27、nt and the LowTemperature guidance found in Table 2 should not exceed10 C.7.1.3 Water and SedimentThe water and sediment inGrade No. 1 S500, No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S5000shall be determined in accordance with Test Method D2709and in Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6 by Test Method D95 and TestMethod
28、 D473. A density of 1.0 kgL shall be used for the TestMethod D95 water.7.1.4 Carbon ResidueTest Method D524.7.1.5 AshTest Method D482.7.1.6 DistillationDistillation of Grade No. 1, No. 2, andB6B20 shall be determined in accordance with Test MethodsD86, D2887, D7344,orD7345.6Results from Test MethodD
29、2887 shall be reported as “Predicted D86” results by appli-cation of the correlation inAppendix X4Test Method D2887 toconvert the values. Results from Test Method D7344 shall bereported as “Predicted D86” results by application of thecorrections described in Test Method D7344 to improveagreement wit
30、h D86 values. Results from Test Method D7345shall be reported as “Predicted D86” results by application ofthe corrections described in Test Method D7345 to improveagreement with D86 values. In case of dispute, Test MethodD86 shall be used as the referee test method.7.1.7 ViscosityViscosity shall be
31、determined in accor-dance with Test Method D445. Bias-corrected values from TestMethod D7042 may be used as alternative results for TestMethod D445 on Grades No. 1 and No. 2 with the same limits.Section 15 of Test Method D7042 contains bias-correctioninformation. In case of dispute, Test Method D445
32、 shall beused as the referee method.7.1.8 DensityTest Method D1298. Test Method D4052can be used as an alternative with the same limits. In case ofdispute, Test Method D1298 shall be used as the refereemethod.7.1.9 CorrosionTest Method D130, 3 h test at a minimumcontrol temperature of 50 C.7.1.10 Su
33、lfurTest Methods D2622 for all grades exceptS15 and D5453 for S15 grades. See Table 3 for alternative testmethods for sulfur and the corresponding fuel grades.7.1.11 LubricityTest Methods D6079 or D7688. TestMethod D6079 shall be the referee method.7.1.12 ConductivityBoth conductivity test methods,
34、TestMethods D2624 and D4308 are allowed for all grades of No. 1and No. 2 fuels. There is no conductivity requirement forNo. 4, No. 5, or No. 6 grades.8. Precautionary Notes on Conductivity8.1 Accumulation of static charge occurs when a hydrocar-bon liquid flows with respect to another surface. The e
35、lectricalconductivity requirement of 25 pSm minimum at temperatureof delivery shall apply when the transfer conditions in Table 4exist for the delivery into a mobile transport container (forexample, tanker trucks, railcars, and barges).9. Keywords9.1 biodiesel; biodiesel blend; burner fuels; fuel oi
36、ls; fur-nace oils; petroleum and petroleum products5For information on the precision of the ASTM test methods for fuel oils referto “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.Crawford, Esso Mathematics and Systems Inc. and G. V. Dyroff, Esso Research andEngineering C
37、o., 1969. This document is available from the Publications Section,API Library,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 LSt., NW,Washington, DC 20005.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1553. ContactASTM CustomerServic
38、e at serviceastm.org.D396 185TABLE 2 Tenth Percentile Minimum Ambient Air Temperatures in C for the United States (except Hawaii)State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. MarchAlabama 43673 2AlaskaNorthern 25 37 45 49 47 43Southern 11 13 18 32 32 29South East 4 11 16 19 13 12ArizonaNorth 34 latitude 4 12 14 17
39、 16 12South 34 latitude 7 0 2 4 3 1Arkansas 2 4 7 11 7 3CaliforniaNorth Coast 3 0 2 2 1 1Interior 2 3 4 7 6 6South Coast 6 2 0 1 0 2Southeast 1 6 8 11 7 5ColoradoEast 105 long 2 12 14 19 15 12West 105 long 8 18 25 30 24 16Connecticut 1 7 16 17 16 9Delaware 2 3 10 11 10 6FloridaNorth 29 latitude 7 1
40、2 3 1 2South 29 latitude 14 7335 7Georgia 32676 2Idaho 4 13 18 21 18 13IllinoisNorth 40 latitude 1 9 19 21 18 11South 40 latitude 1 7 16 17 15 8Indiana 1 7 16 18 16 9Iowa 2 13 23 26 22 16Kansas 2 11 15 19 14 13Kentucky 1 6 13 14 11 6Louisiana 51342 1Maine 3 10 23 26 26 18Maryland 2 3 10 12 10 4Massa
41、chusetts 2 7 16 18 17 10Michigan 2 11 20 23 23 18Minnesota 4 18 30 34 31 24Mississippi 33664 1Missouri 1 7 14 16 13 8Montana 7 18 24 30 24 21Nebraska 3 13 18 22 19 13NevadaNorth 38 latitude 7 14 18 22 18 13South 38 latitude 8 0 3 4 2 1New Hampshire 3 8 18 21 21 12New Jersey 2 3 11 12 11 6New MexicoN
42、orth 34 latitude 2 11 14 17 14 11South 34 latitude 4 4 8 11 7 3New YorkNorth 42 latitude 3 8 21 24 24 16South 42 latitude 1 5 14 16 15 9North Carolina 1 7 10 11 9 5North Dakota 4 20 27 31 29 22Ohio 1 7 16 17 15 9Oklahoma 1 8 12 13 8 7OregonEast 122 long 6 11 14 19 14 9West 122 long 0 4 5 7 4 3Pennsy
43、lvaniaNorth 41 latitude 3 8 19 20 21 15South 41 latitude 0 6 13 14 14 8Rhode Island 1 3 12 13 13 7South Carolina 51553 2South Dakota 4 14 24 27 24 18Tennessee 1 5 9 11 9 4TexasNorth 31 latitude 3 6 9 13 9 7South 31 latitude 9 2 2 3 1 2Utah 2 11 14 18 14 8Vermont 3 8 20 23 24 15Virginia 2 3 9 11 9 4W
44、ashingtonEast 122 long 2 8 11 18 11 8West 122 long 0 3 3 7 4 3D396 186APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR FUEL OILSX1.1 ScopeX1.1.1 This specification divides fuel oils into grades basedupon the types of burners for which they are suitable. It placeslimitin
45、g values on several of the properties of the oils in eachgrade. The properties selected for limitation are those that arebelieved to be of the greatest significance in determining theperformance characteristics of the oils in the types of burnersin which they are most commonly used.X1.2 ClassesX1.2.
46、1 Because of the methods employed in theirproduction, fuel oils fall into two broad classifications: distil-lates and residuals. The distillates consist of overhead ordistilled fractions. The residuals are bottoms remaining fromthe distillation, or blends of these bottoms with distillates. Inthis sp
47、ecification, Grades No. 1 and No. 2 are distillates and thegrades from No. 4 to No. 6 are usually residual, although someheavy distillates can be sold as Grade No. 4.X1.3 GradesX1.3.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 aremiddle distillates intended for use in burners of the vaporizingtyp
48、e in which the oil is converted to a vapor by contact with aheated surface or by radiation. High volatility is necessary toensure that evaporation proceeds with a minimum of residue.The low sulfur grades S15 or S500 may be specified by federal,state, or local regulations and can result in reduced deposits onferrous heat exchanger surfaces compared to Grade No. 1S5000 when burned under similar c
