1、Designation: D445 11Designation: 71/1/97British Standard 2000: Part 71:1990Standard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation in
2、dicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies
3、of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-nation of the kinematic viscosity, n, of liquid petroleumproducts, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the timefor a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through acalibrated glass capillary visco
4、meter. The dynamic viscosity, h,can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, n,bythe density, r, of the liquid.NOTE 1For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosityof bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.NOTE 2ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445.1.2 The result
5、 obtained from this test method is dependentupon the behavior of the sample and is intended for applicationto liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear ratesare proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, theviscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, differentresult
6、s may be obtained from viscometers of different capillarydiameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fueloils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonianbehavior, have been included.1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this testmethod is from 0.2 to 300 000 mm2/s (
7、see Table A1.1)atalltemperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only beendetermined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges andtemperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The SI unit used in this test
8、method for kinematicviscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method fordynamic viscosity is mPas. For user reference, 1 mm2/s=10-6m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPas=1cP=0.001 Pas.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous
9、 system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercu
10、ry/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
11、the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for GlassCapillary Kinematic ViscometersD1193 Specificatio
12、n for Reagent WaterD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-eterD1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gr
13、avity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin BicapillaryPycnometerD2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometersand Viscosity Oil StandardsD2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts(Bitumens)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lu
14、bricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published February 2011. Originallyapproved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D44510. DOI:10.1520/D0445-11.In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction
15、of the StandardizationCommittee.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes sectio
16、n appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by VacuumCapillary ViscometerD6071 Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High PurityWater by Graphite Furn
17、ace Atomic Absorption Spectros-copyD6074 Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon LubricantBase OilsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD6617 Practice for Laboratory Bias Detection Using SingleTest R
18、esult from Standard MaterialE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometers2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3104 Petroleum ProductsTransparent and OpaqueLiquidsDetermination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-culation of Dynamic ViscosityISO 3
19、105 Glass Capillary Kinematic ViscometersSpecification and Operating InstructionsISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory UseSpecification and Test MethodsISO 5725 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measure-ment methods and results.ISO 9000 Quality Management and Quality AssuranceStandardsGuidelin
20、es for Selection and UseISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories2.3 NIST Standards:4NIST Technical Note 1297 Guideline for Evaluating andExpressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Re-sults5NIST GMP 11 Good Measurement Practice for Assignmentand Adj
21、ustment of Calibration Intervals for LaboratoryStandards6NIST Special Publication 819 Guide for the Use of theInternational System of Units (SI)73. Terminology3.1 See also International Vocabulary of Metrology.83.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 automated viscometer, napparatus
22、 which, in part orin whole, has mechanized one or more of the procedural stepsindicated in Section 11 or 12 without changing the principle ortechnique of the basic manual apparatus. The essential ele-ments of the apparatus in respect to dimensions, design, andoperational characteristics are the same
23、 as those of the manualmethod.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAutomated viscometers have the capa-bility to mimic some operation of the test method whilereducing or removing the need for manual intervention orinterpretation. Apparatus which determine kinematic viscosityby physical techniques that are different th
24、an those used in thistest method are not considered to be Automated Viscometers.3.2.2 density, nthe mass per unit volume of a substance ata given temperature.3.2.3 dynamic viscosity, h, nthe ratio between the appliedshear stress and rate of shear of a material.3.2.3.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes calle
25、d the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity. Dynamic viscosity is ameasure of resistance to flow or deformation which constitutesa materials ability to transfer momentum in response to steadyor time-dependent external shear forces. Dynamic viscosity hasthe dimension of mass divided b
26、y length and time and its SIunit is pascal times second (Pas). Among the transportproperties for heat, mass, and momentum transfer, dynamicviscosity is the momentum conductivity.3.2.4 kinematic viscosity, n, nthe ratio of the dynamicviscosity (h) to the density (r) of a material at the sametemperatu
27、re and pressure.3.2.4.1 DiscussionKinematic viscosity is the ratio be-tween momentum transport and momentum storage. Suchratios are called diffusivities with dimensions of length squareddivided by time and the SI unit is metre squared divided bysecond (m2/s). Among the transport properties for heat,
28、 mass,and momentum transfer, kinematic viscosity is the momentumdiffusivity.3.2.4.2 DiscussionFormerly, kinematic viscosity was de-fined specifically for viscometers covered by this test methodas the resistance to flow under gravity. More generally, it is theratio between momentum transport and mome
29、ntum storage.3.2.4.3 DiscussionFor gravity-driven flow under a givenhydrostatic head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportionalto its density, r, if the density of air is negligible compared tothat of the liquid. For any particular viscometer covered by thistest method, the time of flow of a fix
30、ed volume of liquid isdirectly proportional to its kinematic viscosity, n, wheren = h/r, and h is the dynamic viscosity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid toflow under gravity through the capillary of a calibratedviscometer under a reproducible driving hea
31、d and at a closelycontrolled and known temperature. The kinematic viscosity(determined value) is the product of the measured flow timeand the calibration constant of the viscometer. Two suchdeterminations are needed from which to calculate a kinematicviscosity result that is the average of two accep
32、table deter-mined values.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleummaterials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation ofthe equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of theliquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleumfuels is importa
33、nt for the estimation of optimum storage,3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460.5http:/
34、physics.nist.gov/cuu/Uncertainty/bibliography.html6http:/ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/GMP_11_Mar_2003.pdf7http:/www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp811/index.cfm8International Vocabulary of Metrology Basic and General Concepts andAssociated Terms (VIM), 3rd ed., 2008, http:/www.bipm.org/en/publications
35、/guides/vim.html.D445 112handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate deter-mination of viscosity is essential to many product specifica-tions.6. Apparatus6.1 ViscometersUse only calibrated viscometers of theglass capillary type, capable of being used to determinekinematic viscosity with
36、in the limits of the precision given inthe precision section.6.1.1 Viscometers listed in Table A1.1, whose specificationsmeet those given in Specifications D446 and in ISO 3105 meetthese requirements. It is not intended to restrict this test methodto the use of only those viscometers listed in Table
37、A1.1.AnnexA1 gives further guidance.6.1.2 Automated ViscometersAutomated apparatus maybe used as long as they mimic the physical conditions,operations or processes of the manual apparatus. Any viscom-eter, temperature measuring device, temperature control, tem-perature controlled bath or timing devi
38、ce incorporated in theautomated apparatus shall conform to the specification forthese components as stated in Section 6 of this test method.Flow times of less than 200 s are permitted, however, a kineticenergy correction shall be applied in accordance with Section7 on Kinematic Viscosity Calculation
39、 of Specifications D446.The kinetic energy correction shall not exceed 3.0 % of themeasured viscosity. The automated apparatus shall be capableof determining kinematic viscosity of a certified viscosityreference standard within the limits stated in 9.2.1 and Section17. The precision shall be of stat
40、istical equivalence to, or better(has less variability) than the manual apparatus.NOTE 3Precision and bias of kinematic viscosity measurements forflow times of less than 200 s has not been determined. The precision statedin Section 17 is not know to be valid for kinematic viscosity measure-ments wit
41、h flow times less than 200 s.6.2 Viscometer HoldersUse viscometer holders to enableall viscometers which have the upper meniscus directly abovethe lower meniscus to be suspended vertically within 1 in alldirections. Those viscometers whose upper meniscus is offsetfrom directly above the lower menisc
42、us shall be suspendedvertically within 0.3 in all directions (see Specifications D446and ISO 3105).6.2.1 Viscometers shall be mounted in the constant tempera-ture bath in the same manner as when calibrated and stated onthe certificate of calibration. See Specifications D446, seeOperating Instruction
43、s in Annexes A1A3. For those viscom-eters which have Tube L (see Specifications D446) heldvertical, vertical alignment shall be confirmed by using (1)aholder ensured to hold Tube L vertical, or (2) a bubble levelmounted on a rod designed to fit into Tube L, or (3) a plumbline suspended from the cent
44、er of Tube L, or (4) other internalmeans of support provided in the constant temperature bath.6.3 Temperature-Controlled BathUse a transparent liquidbath of sufficient depth such, that at no time during themeasurement of flow time, any portion of the sample in theviscometer is less than 20 mm below
45、the surface of the bathliquid or less than 20 mm above the bottom of the bath.6.3.1 Temperature ControlFor each series of flow timemeasurements, the temperature control of the bath liquid shallbe such that within the range from 15 to 100C, the tempera-ture of the bath medium does not vary by more th
46、an 60.02Cof the selected temperature over the length of the viscometer,or between the position of each viscometer, or at the location ofthe thermometer. For temperatures outside this range, thedeviation from the desired temperature must not exceed60.05C.6.4 Temperature Measuring Device in the Range
47、from 0 to100CUse either calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers(Annex A2) of an accuracy after correction of 60.02C orbetter, or any other thermometric device of equal or betteraccuracy.6.4.1 If calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers are used, theuse of two thermometers is recommended. The two ther
48、mom-eters shall agree within 0.04C.6.4.2 Outside the range from 0 to 100C, use either cali-brated liquid-in-glass thermometers of an accuracy after cor-rection of 60.05C or better, or any other thermometric deviceof equal or better accuracy. When two temperature measuringdevices are used in the same
49、 bath, they shall agree within60.1C.6.4.3 When using liquid-in-glass thermometers, such asthose in Table A2.1, use a magnifying device to read thethermometer to the nearest15 division (for example, 0.01C or0.02F) to ensure that the required test temperature andtemperature control capabilities are met (see 10.1). It isrecommended that thermometer readings (and any correctionssupplied on the certificates of calibrations for the thermom-eters) be recorded on a periodic basis to demonstrate compli-ance with the test method requiremen
