1、Designation: D 56 05An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFlash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 56; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONTo ensure an acceptable precision, this
3、 dynamic flash point test method employs a prescribed rateof temperature rise for the material under test. The rate of heating may not in all cases give theprecision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of certain materials. Toimprove the prediction of flammability, Test
4、 Method D 3941, which utilizes a slower heating rate, wasdeveloped. Test Method D 3941 provides conditions closer to equilibrium where the vapor above theliquid and the liquid are at about the same temperature. If a specification requires Test Method D 56,do not change to Test Method D 3941 or other
5、 test method without permission from the specifier.Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, andthe operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standardtest method, and no general valid correlation c
6、an be guaranteed between results obtained by differenttest methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flashpoint, by tag manual and automated closed testers, of liquidswith a viscosity below 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) at 40C (104F
7、), orbelow 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) at 25C (77F), and a flash point below93C (200F).1.1.1 For the closed-cup flash point of liquids with thefollowing properties: a viscosity of 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) or more at40C (104F); a viscosity of 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) or more at 25C(77F); a flash point of 93C (200F) or higher; a t
8、endency toform a surface film under test conditions; or containingsuspended solids, Test Method D93can be used.1.1.2 For cut-back asphalts refer to Test Methods D 1310and D 3143.NOTE 1The U.S. Department of Transportation (RSTA)2and U.S.Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a
9、 flashpoint under 37.8C (100F) are flammable as determined by this testmethod for those liquids that have a viscosity less than 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) at40C (104F) or 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) or less at 25C (77F), or do not containsuspended solids or do not have a tendency to form a surface film whileunder test. Ot
10、her flash point classifications have been established by thesedepartments for liquids using this test method.1.2 This test method can be used to measure and describethe properties of materials, products, or assemblies in responseto heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions andcannot be u
11、sed to describe or appraise the fire hazard or firerisk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fireconditions. However, results of this test method can be used aselements of fire risk assessment that takes into account all ofthe factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire haz
12、ardof a particular end use.1.3 Related standards are Test Methods D93, D 1310,D 3828, D 3278, and D 3941.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concern
13、s, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements see 8.2, 8.3, 9.5, 12.5, and refer to Material SafetyD
14、ata Sheets.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.08 on Volatility.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1918. Last previous edition approved i
15、n 2002 as D 5602a.2For information on United States Department of Transportation regulations, seeCodes of United States Regulation 49 CFR Chapter 1 and for information on UnitedStates Department of Labor regulations, see Code of United States Regulation 29CFR Chapter XVII. Each of these items are re
16、vised annually and may be procuredfrom the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,DC 20402.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States
17、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point ofLiquids by Tag Open-Cup ApparatusD 3143 Test Method for Flash Point of Cutback Asphaltwith Tag Open-Cup ApparatusD 3278 Test Methods for
18、Flash Point of Liquids by SmallScale Closed-Cup ApparatusD 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD 3941 Test Method for Flash Point by the EquilibriumMethod with a Closed-Cup ApparatusD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling for Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 6299 Practice fo
19、r Applying Statistical Quality AssuranceTechniques to Evaluate Analytical Measurement SystemPerformanceD 6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE 502 Test Method for S
20、election and Use of ASTM Stan-dards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals byClosed Cup Methods2.2 Federal Test Method Standards:4Method 1101, Federal Test Method Standard No. 791bMethod 4291, Federal Test Method Standard No. 141A2.3 ISO Standards:5Guide 34 General Requirements for the Co
21、mpetence ofReference Material ProducersGuide 35 Certification of Reference MaterialsGeneraland Statistical Principles3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 flash pointthe lowest temperature corrected to apressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg) at which application of anignition source causes the vapors of a
22、specimen of the sampleto ignite under specified conditions of test.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe specimen is deemed to haveflashed when a flame appears and instantaneously propagatesitself over the entire surface of the fluid.3.1.1.2 DiscussionWhen the ignition source is a testflame, the application of the
23、test flame may cause a blue haloor an enlarged flame prior to the actual flash point. This is nota flash and should be ignored.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dynamic (non-equilibrium)in this type of flash pointapparatus, the condition of the vapor above the specimen andthe
24、specimen are not at the same temperature at the time thatthe ignition source is applied.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis is primarily caused by the heatingof the specimen at the constant prescribed rate with the vaportemperature lagging behind the specimen temperature. Theresultant flash point temperature is
25、generally within the repro-ducibility of the test method.3.2.2 equilibriumin that type of flash point apparatus ortest method, the vapor above the specimen and the specimenare at the same temperature at the time the ignition source isapplied.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis condition may not be fullyachieved
26、in practice, since the temperature is not uniformthroughout the specimen and the test cover and shutter aregenerally cooler.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The specimen is placed in the cup of the tester and, withthe lid closed, heated at a slow constant rate.An ignition sourceis directed into the cup
27、at regular intervals. The flash point istaken as the lowest temperature at which application of theignition source causes the vapor above the specimen to ignite.5. Significance and Use5.1 Flash point measures the tendency of the specimen toform a flammable mixture with air under controlled laborator
28、yconditions. It is only one of a number of properties that shall beconsidered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of amaterial.5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations todefine flammable and combustible materials. One shouldconsult the particular regulation involved for pr
29、ecise defini-tions of these classes.5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highlyvolatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile ornonflammable material. For example, an abnormally low flashpoint on a sample of kerosene can indicate gasoline contami-nation.6. Apparatus (M
30、anual Instrument)6.1 Tag Closed TesterThe apparatus is shown in Fig. 1and described in detail in Annex A1.6.2 ShieldA shield 460 mm (18 in.) square and 610 mm(24 in.) high, open in front, is recommended.6.3 Temperature Measuring DeviceA liquid-in-glass ther-mometer, as prescribed in Table 1, or an e
31、lectronic temperaturemeasuring device such as a resistance device or thermocouple.The device shall exhibit the same temperature response as theliquid-in-glass thermometer.NOTE 2Whenever thermometers complying with ASTM require-ments are not available, thermometers complying with the requirementsfor
32、The Institute of Petroleum thermometer IP 15C PM-Low can be used.7. Sampling7.1 Erroneously high flash points will be obtained whenprecautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
33、 serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W.
34、 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.D56052Containers should not be opened unnecessarily to prevent lossof volatile material and possible introduction of moisture.Transfers should not be made unless the sample temperature isat least 10C (18F) below the expected flash point. Whenpossible, flash po
35、int shall be the first test performed on asample and the sample must be stored at low temperature.7.2 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers sincevolatile materials may diffuse through the walls of the enclo-sure. Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a sourceof valid results.7.3
36、 At least 50 mL of sample is required for each test. Referto sampling information in Practice D 4057.8. Preparation of Apparatus (Manual)8.1 Support the manual apparatus on a level steady surface,such as a table. Unless tests are made in a draft-free room orcompartment, surround the tester on three
37、sides by the shieldfor protection from drafts. Tests are not to be made in alaboratory draft hood or near ventilators.8.2 Natural gas and bottled gas flame and electric ignitorshave been found acceptable for use as the ignition source.(WarningGas pressure supplied to the apparatus must not beallowed
38、 to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.)8.3 For flash points below 13C (55F) or above 60C(140F), use as a bath liquid a 1 + 1 mixture of water andethylene glycol (WarningEthylene GlycolPoison. Harm-ful or fatal if swallowed. Vapor harmful. Avoid contact withskin.) For flash points between 13C (
39、55F) and 60C (140F),either water or a water-glycol mixture can be used as bathliquid. The temperature of the liquid in the bath shall be at least10C (18F) below the expected flash point at the time ofintroduction of the sample into the test cup. Do not cool bathliquid by direct contact with dry ice
40、(solid carbon dioxide).NOTE 3Due to possible difficulty in maintaining the prescribed rate oftemperature rise and due to the formation of ice on the lid, results by thistest method for samples having flash points below 0C (32F) may beunreliable. Trouble due to ice formation on the slide can be minim
41、ized bycarefully lubricating the slide shutter with high-vacuum silicone lubricant.8.4 Verify the performance of the manual apparatus (or in11.2.3, the automated apparatus) at least once per year bydetermining the flash point of a certified reference material(CRM), such as those listed in Annex A2,
42、which is reasonablyclose to the expected temperature range of the samples to betested. The material shall be tested according to the procedureof this test method and the observed flash point obtained in 9.5shall be corrected for barometric pressure (see Section 13). Theflash point obtained shall be
43、within the limits stated in TableA2.1 for the identified CRM or within the limits calculated foran unlisted CRM (see Annex A2).8.5 Once the performance of the apparatus has been veri-fied, the flash point of secondary working standards (SWSs)can be determined along with their control limits. Thesese
44、condary materials can then be utilized for more frequentperformance checks (see Annex A2).8.6 When the flash point obtained is not within the limitsstated in 8.4 or 8.5, check the condition and operation of theapparatus to ensure conformity with the details listed in AnnexA1, especially with regard
45、to tightness of the lid (see A1.1.3),the action of the shutter, the position of the ignition source (seeA1.1.3.3), and the angle and position of the temperaturemeasuring device (see A1.1.3.4). After any adjustment, repeatthe test in 8.4 using fresh test specimen, with special attentionto the procedu
46、ral details prescribed in the test method.9. Procedure (Manual)9.1 Using a graduated cylinder and taking care to avoidwetting the cup above the final liquid level, measure 50 6 0.5mL of the sample into the cup, both the sample and graduatedcylinder being precooled, when necessary, so that the specim
47、entemperature at the time of measurement will be 27 6 5C (80FIG. 1 Tag Closed Flash Tester (Manual)TABLE 1 ThermometersFor tests Below 4C (40F)At 4 to 49C(40 to 120F)Above 49C(120F)Use ASTMThermometerA57C or (57F) 9C or (9F)57C or (57F)9C or (9F)AComplete specifications for these thermometers are gi
48、ven in Specification E1.D560536 10F) or at least 10C (18F) below the expected flash point,whichever is lower. It is essential that the sample temperaturebe maintained at least 10C (18F) below the expected flashpoint during the transfers from the sample container to thecylinder and from the cylinder
49、to the test cup. Destroy airbubbles on the surface of the specimens by use of knife pointor other suitable device. Wipe the inside of the cover with aclean cloth or absorbent tissue paper; then attach the cover,with the temperature measuring device in place, to the bathcollar.9.2 Light the test flame, when used, adjusting it to the sizeof the small bead on the cover. Operate the mechanism on thecover in such a manner as to introduce the ignition source intothe vapor space of the cup, and immediately bring it up again.The tim
