1、Designation: D2782 02 (Reapproved 2014)1Standard Test Method forMeasurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of LubricatingFluids (Timken Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2782; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe IP logo and designation were removed and footnote 1 was corrected editorially in July 201
3、6.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying capacity of lubricating fluids by means of the TimkenExtreme Pressure Tester.NOTE 1This test method is suitable for testing fluids having aviscosity of less than about 5000 cSt (5000 mm2/s) at 40 C. For testingfluids having
4、 a higher viscosity, refer to Note 5 in 9.1.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. Because the equipment used in this test method isavailable only in inch-pound units, SI units are omitted whenreferring to the equipment and the test specimens.1.3 This standard does not purp
5、ort to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningstatements are given in 7.1,
6、7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.4, and 9.9.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2509 Test Method for Measurement of Load-CarryingCapacity of Lubricating Grease (Timken Method)D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion2.2 ASTM Adj
7、uncts:Photograph of Test Blocks Showing Scars33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 extreme pressure (EP) additive, n, in a lubricantasubstance that minimizes damage to metal surfaces in contactunder high-stress rubbing conditions. D41753.1.2 lubricant, nany substance interposed between twosurfaces fo
8、r the purpose of reducing friction or wear betweenthem. G403.1.3 scoring, n, in tribologya severe form of wear char-acterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratchesin the direction of sliding. G403.1.4 wear, ndamage to a solid surface generally involv-ing progressive loss of material, d
9、ue to relative motion betweenthat surface and a contacting substance or substances. G403.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 load-carrying capacity of a lubricant as determinedby this test method, the maximum load or pressure that can besustained by the lubricant (when used in the
10、 given systemunder specific conditions) without failure of the sliding contactsurfaces as evidenced by scoring or seizure or asperity weld-ing.3.2.2 OK value, nas determined by this test method, themaximum mass (weight) added to the load lever weight pan, atwhich no scoring or seizure occurs.3.2.3 s
11、core value, nas determined by this test method, theminimum mass (weight) added to the load lever weight pan, atwhich scoring or seizure occurs.3.2.3.1 DiscussionWhen the lubricant film is substantiallymaintained, a smooth scar is obtained on the test block, butwhen there is a breakdown of the lubric
12、ant film, scoring orsurface failure of the test block takes place, as shown in Figs.1 and 2. In its simplest and most recognized form, scoring ischaracterized by the furrowed appearance of a wide scar on thetest block and by excessive pick-up of metal on the surface ofthe test cup. The form of surfa
13、ce failure more usuallyencountered, however, consists of a comparatively smoothscar, which shows local damage that usually extends beyondthe width of the scar. Scratches or striations that occur in an1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels
14、, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.L0.11 on Tribological Properties of Industrial Fluids andLubricates.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally approvedin 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2782 02 (2008). DOI:10.1520/D2782
15、-02R14E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Or
16、der Adjunct No.ADJD2509. Original adjunct produced in 1972.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1otherwise smooth scar and that do not extend beyond the widthof the scar are not considered as evidence of scoring.3.2.4 seizur
17、e or asperity weldinglocalized fusion of metalbetween the rubbing surfaces of the test pieces. Seizure isusually indicated by streaks appearing on the surface of the testcup, an increase in friction and wear, or unusual noise andvibration. Throughout this test method the term seizure isunderstood to
18、 mean seizure or asperity welding.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The tester is operated with a steel test cup rotatingagainst a steel test block. The rotating speed is123.71 mmin 6 0.77 mmin (405.88 ftmin 6 2.54 ftmin),which is equivalent to a spindle speed of 800 rmin 6 5 rmin.Fluid samples are prehe
19、ated to 37.8 C 6 2.8 C(100 F 6 5 F) before starting the test.4.2 Two determinations are made: the minimum load (scorevalue) that will rupture the lubricant film being tested betweenthe rotating cup and the stationary block and cause scoring orseizure; and the maximum load (OK value) at which therota
20、ting cup will not rupture the lubricant film and causescoring or seizure between the rotating cup and the stationaryblock.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used widely for the determination ofextreme pressure properties for specification purposes. Usersare cautioned to carefully conside
21、r the precision and biasstatements herein when establishing specification limits.6. Apparatus6.1 Timken Extreme Pressure Tester,4described in detail inAnnex A1 and illustrated in Fig. 3.6.2 Sample Feed Device,4for supplying the test specimenswith fluid is described in Annex A1.6.3 Loading Mechanism,
22、4for applying and removing theload weights without shock at the uniform rate of0.91 kgs to 1.36 kgs (2 lbs to 3 lbs). A detailed descriptionis given in Annex A1.6.4 Microscope,4low-power (50 to 60) having sufficientclearance under objective to accommodate the test block. Itshould be fitted with a fi
23、lar micrometer so that the scar widthmay be measured with an accuracy of 60.05 mm (60.002 in.).6.5 Timer, graduated in minutes and seconds.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Acetone, reagent grade. (WarningExtremely flam-mable. Harmful when inhaled. See A3.1.)7.2 Stoddard Solvent or White Spirit, reagent
24、grade.(WarningFlammable. See A3.2.)7.3 Test Cup,4,5of carburized steel, having a RockwellHardness “C” Scale Number of 58 to 62, or a Vickers HardnessNumber of 653 to 756. The cups have a width of0.514 in. 6 0.002 in., a perimeter of 6.083 in. 6 0.009 in., adiameter of 1.938 in. + 0.001 in., 0.005 in
25、. and a maximumradial run-out of 0.0005 in. The axial surface roughness shouldlie between 0.51 m and 0.76 m (20 in. and 30 in.) C.L.A.7.4 Test Blocks,4,6with test surfaces 0.485 in. 6 0.002 in.wide and 0.750 in. 6 0.016 in. long, of carburized steel, havinga Rockwell Hardness “C” Scale Number of 58
26、to 62, or aVickers Hardness Number of 653 to 756. Each block issupplied with four ground faces and the surface roughnessshould lie between 0.51 m and 0.76 m (20 in. and 30 in.)C.L.A.4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar
27、 Grove, IL 60554. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.5Available from Falex Corp., under Part No. F-25061
28、.6Available from Falex Corp., under Part No. F-25001.FIG. 1 Test Blocks Showing Various Types of ScarFIG. 2 ScoringD2782 02 (2014)128. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Clean the apparatus with (1) Stoddard solvent or WhiteSpirit, and (2) acetone and blow dry. (WarningExtremelyflammable. Harmful when inha
29、led. See A3.1.) (WarningFlammable. See A3.2.) Flush with approximately 1 L (1 qt) ofthe fluid to be tested. Discard the flushing fluid. (WarningSince acetone is highly flammable, use the minimum quantity.)8.2 Select a new test cup and block, wash with Stoddardsolvent or White Spirit (WarningFlammabl
30、e. See A3.2.)and dry with a clean soft cloth or paper. Immediately beforeuse rinse the test cup and block with acetone and blow themdry. Do not use solvents such as carbon tetrachloride or othersthat may inherently possess load-carrying properties whichmay effect the results.NOTE 2This cleaning may
31、be done in an ultrasonic cleaner.8.3 Assemble the tester carefully (Fig. 4), placing the testcup on the spindle and making certain that it is well seated,drawing it up firmly but avoiding possible distortion fromexcessive tightening (Note 3). Place the test block in the testblock holder and adjust t
32、he levers so that all the knife edges arein proper alignment. Exercise special care in placing the stirrupof the spring-weight platform assembly (selection of whichwill depend on the loading device) in the groove of theload-lever arm to avoid premature shock to the test block whenthe load is applied
33、. To ensure that the test block, test blockholder, and lever arms are properly aligned and seated, coat thetest block and test cup with the lubricant to be tested, and rotatethe machine slowly for a few revolutions either by hand or bysuitable control mechanism. When the parts are in alignment,the f
34、luid will be wiped off the cup over its entire width.NOTE 3At this point it is recommended that a dial indicator used tocheck the radial run-out of the cup in situ not exceed 0.025 mm (0.001 in.)total indicator movement.9. Procedure9.1 Fill the reservoir of the tester to within 76 mm (3 in.) ofthe t
35、op (approximately 3 L or 3 qt) with the fluid to be tested.Preheat the fluid to 37.8 C 6 2.8 C (100 F 6 5 F).NOTE 4The fluid may be heated by the use of an immersion heaterFIG. 3 Timken TesterD2782 02 (2014)13located in the tester reservoir or by heating the fluid prior to filling thereservoir. If a
36、n immersion heater is used, localized overheating must beavoided. This may be done by stirring or by circulating prior to theassembly of the lever arm.NOTE 5Fluids having a viscosity above about 5000 cSt (5000 mm2/s)at 40 C often cannot be tested at the prescribed fluid temperature of37.8 C 6 2.8 C
37、(100 F 6 5 F) because of inability of the pump torecirculate the fluid at this temperature. However, results from limitedcooperative tests, covered in Tables A1.1 and A1.2, indicate that thestarting fluid temperature could be increased to 65.6 C (150 F) to obtainadequate flow without affecting OK or
38、 score values. Testing of suchhigh-viscosity fluids at room temperature in the Test Method D2509grease feeder also appears valid but may be difficult because of fluidleakage.9.2 Set the discharge valve at full open. Allow the lubricantto flood the test cup and block. When the sump is about halffille
39、d with the fluid, start the motor and run for 30 s to break-in.If the equipment used is equipped with acceleration control,start the motor and increase the spindle speed gradually toachieve 800 rmin 6 5 rmin after 15 s. Run for a further 15 sto complete the break-in.9.3 After a break-in period of 30
40、 s, start the timer and applyat 8.9 Ns to 13.3 Ns (2 lbfs to 3 lbfs), a load that is less thanthe expected score load. In the absence of a better estimate, astarting load of 30 lbf is recommended. The load-lever arm,spring-weight platform assembly is not considered a part of theapplied load. In the
41、event a lower starting load is used, it mustbe a multiple of 6. Then allow the machine to run at800 rmin 6 5 rmin for 10 min 6 15 s after load applicationis initiated, unless a score is detected before that period.9.4 If, after the load has been applied, scoring is evident byvibration or noise, stop
42、 the tester at once, turn off the flow oflubricant, and remove the load. Since the excessive heatdeveloped with deep scoring may alter the surface character-istics of the entire block, discard the test block. (WarningFIG. 3 (continued)FIG. 4 Assembly of Tester Showing Test PiecesD2782 02 (2014)14The
43、 machine and test pieces may be hot at this point and careshould be exercised in their handling.)9.5 If no scoring is detected, allow the tester to run for10 min 6 15 s from the start of the application of the load. Atthe end of the 10 min 6 15 s period, reverse the loading deviceand remove the load
44、 from the lever arm. Turn off the motor,allow the spindle to come to rest, then turn off the flow of fluid.Remove the load lever and inspect the condition of the testblock surface at 1 magnification. Microscopical observationsshall not be used to define when scoring has occurred. Thelubricant has fa
45、iled at the imposed load if the wear scarindicates any scoring or welding.NOTE 6A microscope may be used to examine the wear scar forfurther information as required in 9.9.9.6 If no score is observed, turn the test block to expose anew surface of contact and, with a new test cup, repeat the test,as
46、in 9.5, at 10 lbf increments until a load that produces a scoreis reached. At this point decrease the load by 5 lbf for the finaldetermination.NOTE 7Before each test in 9.6 9.8 cool the fluid in the reservoir to37.8 C 6 2.8 C (100 F 6 5 F), cool the shaft to less than 65.6 C(150 F), install a new te
47、st cup, and turn the test block to expose a newsurface of contact. When seizure has occurred, discard the entire test blocksince excessive heat, developed when scarring occurs, may alter thesurface characteristics of the entire block.9.7 If a score is produced at the 30 lbf load, reduce the loadby 6
48、 lbf decrements until no scoring is realized. At this point,increase the load by 3 lbf for the final determination.9.8 When the wear scar evidence at any load stage makesthe definition of the onset of scoring questionable, repeat thetest at the same load. If the second test produces a score, recorda
49、 score rating for this load. Similarly, if the second testproduces no scoring, record a no score rating. If the second testagain yields a questionable result, simply withhold judgment ofthe rating at this load stage and test the fluid at the immediatelynext higher load stage (see Annex A2). Then assign a rating tothe load stage in question that is identical to the rating obtainedat the immediately next higher load stage employed.9.9 After the OK value has been determined, remove the testblock and
