1、Designation: D 2885 03An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition EngineFuels by On-Line Direct Comparison Technique1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2885; the number immediately following the designation indicates the ye
2、ar oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Depart
3、ment of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the quantitative on-line deter-mination by direct comparison of the difference in knock ratingor delta octane number of a stream sample of spark-ignitionengine fuel from that of a comparison reference fuel.1.2 This test method covers the methodolog
4、y for obtainingan octane number using the measured delta octane number andthe octane number of the comparison reference fuel.1.3 The comparison reference fuel is required to be ofessentially the same composition as the stream sample to beanalyzed and can be a secondary fuel termed standard fuel ora
5、tertiary fuel termed prototype fuel.1.4 The test method utilizes a knock testing unit/automatedanalyzer system that incorporates computer control of a stan-dardized single-cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compres-sion ratio, carbureted, CFR engine with appropriate auxiliaryequipment using eithe
6、r Test Method D 2699 Research methodor Test Method D 2700 Motor method operating conditions.1.4.1 Knock measurements are based on operation of bothfuels at the specific fuel-air ratio that produces maximumknock intensity for that fuel.1.4.2 Measured differences in knock intensity are scaled toprovid
7、e a positive or negative delta octane number of thestream sample from the comparison reference fuel when thefuels are compared at the same compression ratio.1.4.3 Measured differences in compression ratio are scaledto provide a positive or negative delta octane number of thestream sample from the co
8、mparison reference fuel when thefuels are compared at the same knock intensity.1.5 This test method is limited to testing 78 to 102 octanenumber spark-ignition engine fuels using either research ormotor method conditions.1.6 The octane number difference between the streamsample and the applicable co
9、mparison reference fuel is self-limiting by specifications imposed upon the standard andprototype fuels.1.7 Specifications for selection, preparation, storage, anddispensing of standard and prototype fuels are provided.Detailed procedures for determination of an appropriate as-signed octane number f
10、or both standard and prototype fuels arealso incorporated.1.8 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI unitsand are considered standard. The values in parentheses arehistorical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR enginemeasurements continue to be expressed in inch-pound unitsonly becau
11、se of the extensive and expensive tooling that hasbeen created for this equipment.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and d
12、etermine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specifichazard statements, see Section 8 and Annex A1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water2D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Fuels3D 2700 Test Method f
13、or Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel3D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products4D 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and Lubricants4D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products4D 4814 Specification forAu
14、tomotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuel4D 6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality AssuranceTechniques to Evaluate Analytical Measurement SystemPerformance51This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subco
15、mmitteeD02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 288595 (1999).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05.4Annual Book of ASTM Stand
16、ards, Vol 05.02.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 6624 Practice for Determining a Flow-Proportioned Av-erage Property Value (FPAPV) for a Collected Batch ofProcess Stream Mate
17、rial Using Stream Analyzer Data6E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers7E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods7E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics72.2 Waukesha CFR Engine Manuals:CFR F-1 it is intended as a supplement to the systemqualification ch
18、eckout and can not be used to replace thesystem qualification checkout.14.2 Perform the quality control checks with the AMSoperating under standard conditions as specified in thismethod. Use equal time periods of operation for each of thefuels. The time period for operation on each fuel will be 4 mi
19、nor longer.14.3 Sequence the AMS between the CRF and pairedquality control fuel until a minimum of two cycles has beencompleted. A complete cycle comprises one period of opera-tion on one fuel (CRF), followed by one period on the secondfuel (paired quality control fuel). Sequence the paired qualityc
20、ontrol fuels to the analyzer measurement system so that theDO.N. values are determined by subtracting the paired qualitycontrol fuel result from the CRF result.14.4 Determination of Average DO.N. and Range:14.4.1 Tabulate the DO.N. values including the properalgebraic sign.14.4.2 Calculate the avera
21、ge DO.N. with respect to alge-braic sign.14.4.3 Calculate the range of data using the followingformula:Range of Data 5 maximum DO.N. 2 minimum DO.N.14.5 Use appropriate control charts or other statisticallyequivalent technique to assess the average DO.N. and rangevalues relative to the established e
22、xpected values for that pairof quality control fuels. If an out-of-statistical situation isdetected, examine the analytical measurement system opera-tion and the CRF quality for root cause(s). The appropriatecontrol charts are I/MR-2 for the average DO.N., and rangechart for range.14.6 Specifics for
23、 control chart set up and interpretation canbe found in Practice D 6299.15. Precision and Bias15.1 Repeatability:15.1.1 O.N. for RON: 0.215.1.2 DO.N. for MON: 0.315.1.3 DiscussionThe above limits were estimated fromprogram 3R (see ASTM RR: D02133010); and can be used asan approximate (and conservati
24、ve) repeatability limit as de-fined by ASTM (see Terminology E 456), for the measuredDO.N.15.2 Reproducibility:15.2.1 In the intended on-line application of this testmethod, where multiple DO.N.s are averaged to arrive at aFPAPV (Flow-Proportioned Average Property Value) for theO.N. of a tender or b
25、atch of product, the reproducibility limit,as defined by ASTM, for individual DO.N. results on the samefuel pair, is of little utility since the same tender will need to betested by another comparator system using exactly the sameproto fuel in order to make meaningful comparison of thedifference bet
26、ween the two DO.N. values generated by the twodifferent systems/operators. A more useful metric is the repro-ducibility of the DO.N.-bar where the latter is calculated fromn individual DO.N. values generated from a system underrepeatability conditions.NOTE 2An interlaboratory exchange test program11
27、is currentlyunderway to estimate the reproducibility of DO.N.-bar values for n =5.15.2.2 Users are advised to consult theAppendix of this testmethod for a detailed description on how to estimate thevariability associated with the FPAPV for octane number of atender or batch of material obtained using
28、 this test method andPractice D 6624.16. Keywords16.1 analytical measurement system; comparison referencefuel; delta octane number; stream sample fuelANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. HAZARDS INFORMATIONA1.1 Introduction:A1.1.1 In the performance of this test method there arehazards to personnel. Th
29、ese are indicated in the text. Theclassification of the hazard, Warning, is noted with theappropriate key words of definition. For more detailed infor-mation regarding the hazards, refer to the appropriate MaterialSafety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each of the applicable sub-stances to establish risks, pr
30、oper handling, and safety precau-tions.A1.2 WarningCombustible. Vapor Harmful.A1.2.1 Applicable Substances:10Supporting data have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D021330.11Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquar
31、ters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D021457.D2885039A1.2.1.1 Engine crankcase lubricating oil.A1.3 WarningFlammable. Vapors harmful if inhaled.Vapors may cause flash fire.A1.3.1 Applicable Substances:A1.3.1.1 Check fuel.A1.3.1.2 Oxygenate.A1.3.1.3 Prototype fuel.A1.3.1.4 Stream
32、 Sample fuel.A1.3.1.5 Standard fuel.A1.4 WarningPoison. May be fatal if inhaled or swal-lowed.A1.4.1 Applicable Substances:A1.4.1.1 Antifreeze mixture.A1.4.1.2 Glycol Based Antifreeze.A1.4.1.3 Halogenated refrigerants.A1.4.1.4 Halogenated solvents.A1.4.1.5 Dilute organometallic lead or manganese.A2.
33、 STANDARD AND PROTOTYPE FUEL STORAGE AND HANDLINGA2.1 Select a standard fuel to meet all the requirements in8.3. Handle it with extreme care to avoid the contamination orloss of components from the time of initial bulk collection untilits final use.A2.1.1 Condition the standard fuel to meet the requ
34、irementsof the AMS for entrained water and particulate matter.A2.1.2 Bulk Storage Vessel:A2.1.2.1 Ensure that the volume of the vessel is sufficient tobe split into working containers to allow enough for shippingto establishing octane number ARV and for use with theengines for a realistic period of
35、time. The vessel shall store thefuel with no vapor loss or exposure of the fuel to light.A2.1.2.2 Clean, dry, and free the vessel of all hydrocarbonsoluble contaminants.A2.1.2.3 Ensure that mixing facilities are part of the vesselor that the vessel tumbles to ensure a homogeneous sample.Mixing time
36、will depend on vessel volume and design.A2.1.2.4 Ensure that the vessel has provisions for samplingand dispensing into working containers.A2.1.2.5 Fill the bulk storage vessel from the bottom at aflow rate that does not cause the fuel to “bubble” and flash.A2.1.2.6 Fill the vessel to 90 % of maximum
37、 volume toavoid excess vapor volume.A2.1.2.7 Split the available volume into working containersat one time if there is to be an increase in the vapor space of thevessel.A2.1.3 Working Containers:A2.1.3.1 Ensure that the volume of the working container issufficient for use to certify a prototype fuel
38、 on the analyzersystem and takes into account flush volume fuel consumedduring the warm-up and setup of the analyzer system, andrunning of multiple sample cycles.The container shall store thefuel with no vapor loss or exposure of the fuel to light.A2.1.3.2 Clean, dry, and free the container of all h
39、ydrocar-bon soluble contaminants.NOTE A2.1If the cans have soldered seams, small amounts of fluxmay contaminate the sample and will reduce its storage stability. Rinse allcans with a quantity of standard fuel prior to filling if there is any doubtabout the manner of can fabrication.A2.1.3.3 Fuel Dis
40、pensingDo not allow the method usedto transfer the fuel from the bulk receiver to the workingcontainer to affect the quality of the fuel in any way.(1) Chill standard fuel and working containers to below10C (50F) before they are filled.(2) Flush the fuel dispensing system with sufficient volumeto en
41、sure the standard fuel will not be contaminated from anyresidual fuel in the system.(3) Fill the working container from the bottom at a flowrate that does not cause the fuel to “bubble” and flash. A filltube that reaches to the bottom of the can is the most desirablehardware configuration.(4) Fill t
42、he container to 90 % of maximum volume to avoidexcess vapor volume.(5) Fill the working containers without interruption. Capeach one as soon as it has been filled, and number them insequence.(6) Do not can the last 8 to 12 L (2 to 3 gal) of standardfuel.A2.1.3.4 Check working containers for leaks. D
43、o not usecontents of leaking cans as standard fuel.A2.1.3.5 Label the cans for inventory management in ac-cordance with site standards.A2.1.3.6 Randomly select working containers that are to beused for establishing octane number ARV from the fullpopulation.A2.1.3.7 Ship containers that will be used
44、for establishingoctane number ARV in a manner that meets all applicableregulations and safety codes.A2.1.4 Storage of Standard FuelTo maintain the knockcharacteristics of the standard fuel, store bulk receivers andworking containers in a cool area not exceeding 25C (77F).Before opening, cool working
45、 containers to below 10C(50F).A2.2 Prototype FuelSelect a prototype to meet all therequirements in 8.4. Handle it with extreme care to avoid thecontamination or loss of components from the time of initialcollection until its final use.A2.2.1 Do not allow the prototype system to affect thequality of
46、the prototype fuel. Avoid loss of light ends. Avoidwater solubility of octane enhancers in water displacementsystems. Avoid high nitrogen blanket pressures that causeoff-gassing when proto is exposed to ambient pressure.A2.2.2 Prototype Tank VolumeWhen selecting prototypetank volume, take into accou
47、nt the number of on-line analyz-ers, the amount of hours per day the analyzers will be run, fuelconsumption of the analyzer system, and the length of time aprototype fuel is required to last. It is common practice toD28850310discard the final 10 to 20 % of any prototype tank to guardagainst possible
48、 fuel degradation and change in octane quality.A2.2.3 Prototype tank construction shall meet all construc-tion and fire codes that apply to their location. Examples ofprototype tank systems are illustrated in Figs. A2.1 and A2.2.A2.2.4 Location of Prototype TanksIt is not necessary tocool prototype
49、tanks, although it is beneficial to keep them ascool as possible. Cooling coils immersed in the prototype fuelcarrying chilled water can regulate fuel temperature. Prototypetanks are normally located outside, and guarding the tanksfrom exposure to direct sunlight will prevent heating and fueldegradation.A2.2.5 Prototype Tank PlumbingThe most important de-sign configuration is isolation of each tank to eliminate thepossibility of cross contamination of different prototype tanks.Extend the line that feeds fuel to the analyzer system 7.5 to 10cm (3 to 4 in.) off the b
