1、Designation: D2937 171Standard Test Method forDensity of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEEditorially corrected Example Data Sheet in Appendi
3、x X1 in April 2017.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of in-placedensity of soil by the drive-cylinder method. The test methodinvolves obtaining an intact soil sample by driving a thin-walled cylinder into the soil and conducting specific measure-ments and calculations for the de
4、termination of in-placedensity. When sampling or in-place density is required atdepth, Test Method D1587 should be used.1.2 This test method is not recommended for samplingorganic or friable soils which may compress during sampling.This test method may not be applicable for soft, organic, highlyplas
5、tic, noncohesive, saturated or other soils which are easilydeformed, compress during sampling, or which may not beretained in the drive cylinder sampler. This test may not beapplicable with very hard natural soils or heavily compactedsoils that may not be easily penetrated with the drive cylindersam
6、pler. The use of this test method in soils containing anappreciable amount of particles larger than 4.75 mm (316 in.)may result in damage to the drive cylinder equipment. Soilscontaining particles larger than 4.75 mm (316 in.) may not yieldvalid results if voids are created along the wall of the cyl
7、inderduring driving, or if particles are dislodged from the sampleends during trimming.1.3 This test method is limited to the procedures necessaryfor obtaining specimens suitable for determining the in-placedensity and water content of certain soils. The procedures,precautions, and requirements nece
8、ssary for selecting locationsfor obtaining intact samples, suitable for laboratory testing orotherwise determining engineering properties, is beyond thescope of this test method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses aremathematical
9、 conversions, which are provided for informationpurposes only and are not considered standard.1.4.1 It is common practice in the engineering/constructionprofession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unitof mass (lbm) and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitlycombines two separate systems
10、 of units; that is, the absolutesystem and the gravitational system. It is scientifically unde-sirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-poundunits within a single standard. As stated, this standard includesthe gravitational system of inch-pound units and does notuse/present the slug u
11、nit for mass. However, the use ofbalances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or therecording of density in lbm/ft3shall not be regarded asnonconformance with this standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPr
12、actice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures
13、used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof t
14、his standard to consider significant digits used in analysismethods for engineering design.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practi
15、ces and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and
16、Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approve
17、d Feb. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2937 10. DOI:10.1520/D2937-17E01.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
18、428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tech
19、nical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory C
20、ompaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2488 Practice for
21、Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4643 Test Method for Determination of Water Content ofSoil and Rock by Microwave Ove
22、n HeatingD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water (Mois-ture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide Gas PressureTesterD4959 Test Method for Determina
23、tion of Water Content ofSoil By Direct HeatingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor common terms found in this standardrefer to Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to determine the in-placedensity of soils
24、 which do not contain significant amounts ofparticles larger than 4.75 mm (316 in.), and which can bereadily retained in the drive cylinder. This test method may alsobe used to determine the in-place density of compacted soilsused in construction of structural fill, highway embankments,or earth dams
25、. When the in-place density is to be used as abasis for acceptance, the drive cylinder volumes must be aslarge as practical and not less than 850 cm3(0.030 ft3).4.2 The general principles of this test method have beensuccessfully used to obtain samples of various field compactedfine-grained soils ha
26、ving a maximum particle size of 4.75 mm(316 in.) for purposes other than density determinations, such astesting for engineering properties.NOTE 1Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con-tained in this standard: The precision of this test method is dependent onthe competence of the pe
27、rsonnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used.Agencies which meet the criteria of PracticeD3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting. Users of this method are cautioned that compliance with PracticeD3740 does not in itself assure reliable
28、 testing. Reliable testing dependson many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some ofthose factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Drive Cylinders, of approximately 100 to 152 mm (4.00to 6.00 in.) diameter. Larger sizes may be used if desired orrequired. Typical details of drive cylinders with ou
29、tside diam-eters of 100 mm (4.00 in.) are shown in Fig. 1 (see also Table1). Drive cylinders of other diameters will require proportionalchanges in the drive-cylinder tube and drive-head dimensions.The volume of the cylinders with the dimensions shown in Fig.1 is approximately 940 cm3(0.033 ft3). Th
30、e apparatus shown inFig. 1 is of a design suitable for use at or near the surface.5.1.1 When the in-place density is to be used as a basis foracceptance of compacted fill, the drive cylinders shall be aslarge as practical to reduce the effects of errors and shall beequal to or greater than 850 cm3(0
31、.030 ft3).5.1.2 The number of drive cylinders required will depend onthe number of samples to be taken and the anticipated rapidityby which the cylinders can be returned to service afterprocessing.5.1.3 The cylinders shown in Fig. 1 meet the clearance ratio,wall thickness and area-ratio requirements
32、 as set forth byHvorslev3for drive cylinder samplers, and shall not exceed 10to 15 %, as defined by the following:Ar5 Dw22 De2!/De2# 3100 (1)where:Ar= area ratio, %,Dw = maximum external diameter of the drive cylinder, andDe = effective (minimum) internal diameter of the drivesampler at the cutting
33、edge after swaging.5.1.4 Except for very short drive cylinder samplers with noclearance, the inside clearance ratio of the drive cylinders shallbe from 0.5 to 3.0 %, with increasing ratios as the plasticityincreases in the soil being sampled. Inside clearance ratio isdefined by the following:Cr5Di 2
34、 DeDe3100 (2)where:Cr= inside clearance ratio, %De = effective (minimum) internal diameter of the samplerat the cutting edge after swaging, andDi = internal diameter of the sampler.5.1.5 Drive cylinders of other diameters shall conform tothese requirements.5.2 Drive HeadThe typical details of the dr
35、ive head andappurtenances are shown in Fig. 1. The drive head has a slidingweight for driving the cylinder.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stand
36、ards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Hvorslev, M. J., “Surface Exploration and Sampling of Soils for EngineeringPurposes,” Engineering Foundation, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.D2937 17125.3 StraightedgeSteel, approximately 3 mm (18 in.) by 38mm (112 in.) by 305 mm (12.0 in.) with on
37、e edge sharpened atapproximately a 45 angle for trimming the ends of the sampleflush with the cylinder.5.4 ShovelAny one of several types of shovels or spades issatisfactory in shallow sampling for digging the cylinders outafter they have been driven into the soil.5.5 BalanceA balance having a minim
38、um capacity of 10kg (22 lbs) and meeting the requirements of SpecificationD4753 for a balance of 1 g (0.002 lbs) readability is requiredfor the cylinders shown in Fig. 1. Larger cylinders will requirea balance of 25 kg (55 lbs) capacity with readability of 1 gm(0.002 lbs).5.6 Drying EquipmentEquipme
39、nt or ovens, or both, to dryspecimens, facilitating the determination of water (moisture)content in accordance with Test Methods D2216, D4643,D4944,orD4959.All length dimensions are in millimeters.FIG. 1 Typical Design for a Surface Soil SamplerTABLE 1 Dimensional Equivalent for Fig. 1mm in. mm in.2
40、564 103 41164532 115 4125316 127 5.001934 155 6.0044 134 212 8.0076 3.0 865 36.0098 378 1096 45.00100 4.00D2937 17135.7 Miscellaneous EquipmentBrushes, sledgehammers,plastic bags, metal cans with lids, or other suitable containersfor retaining the drive cylinder and sample until the determi-nation o
41、f moist mass and water content can be determined.Spoons, inside/outside caliper, or equivalent, accurate to 0.25mm (0.01 in.) for calibration.5.8 Safety EquipmentGloves and safety glasses. Steel-toed shoes or boots if required by agency.6. Procedure6.1 Brush all loose particles from the surface. For
42、 near-surface sampling (not more than1m(3ft)indepth), samplethrough a hole bored with an auger or dug by a shovel fromwhich loosened material has been removed. The surface wherethe cylinder initially is placed should be fairly level prior to thecylinder being driven. Depending on the soil type and m
43、oisturecondition, the surface may be prepared utilizing a bulldozerblade or other heavy equipment blades providing the samplearea and vicinity are not deformed, compressed, torn, orotherwise disturbed.6.2 Assemble the cylinder and drive apparatus with thesharpened edge on the surface to be sampled.
44、Drive thecylinder by raising the drop hammer and allowing it to fall, oralternatively by applying a uniform force via a jack or similardevice, while keeping the drive rod steady and in a verticalposition. Continue driving until the top of the cylinder isapproximately 13 mm (12 in.) below the origina
45、l surface asshown in Fig. 2. Overdriving may result in deforming orcompressing the sample and may influence the test results.Care shall be exercised to prevent overdriving, particularlywhen sampling below the surface. If overdriving occurs or issuspected, the sample shall be discarded and the soil r
46、esa-mpled. Remove the drive head and remove the cylinder fromthe ground with a shovel; dig the soil from around the sides ofthe cylinder, undercutting several inches below the bottom ofthe cylinder before lifting the cylinder out from the ground.When sampling near the surface, more soil may need to
47、beremoved from around the sides of the cylinder to properlyundercut the cylinder.6.3 After the cylinder has been removed from the ground,remove any excess soil from the sides of the drive cylinder.Using the straightedge, trim the ends of the sample flush andplane with the ends of the cylinder. Patch
48、 with loose soil anyvoids that may have been created from the trimming process.Asatisfactory sample consists of an intact soil sample and shallnot contain rocks, roots, or other foreign material. If the drivecylinder is not full or does not properly represent the in-situsoil, discard the soil and ob
49、tain another sample. If the drivecylinder is deformed or otherwise damaged as a result ofdriving it into or removing it from the ground, repair or replacethe drive cylinder. Immediately determine the mass and watercontent of the sample or place the drive cylinder and sample ina moisture proof container, which will prevent soil or waterloss until mass and water determinations can be made.6.4 Record the mass of the drive cylinder and soil sample tothe nearest 1 g (0.002 lbm).6.5 Remove the soil from the cylinder. Obtain a represen-tative specimen f
