1、Designation: D3161/D3161M 13D3161/D3161M 14Standard Test Method forWind-Resistance of Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-Induced Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3161/D3161M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 T
3、his test method covers the procedure for evaluating the wind resistance of many discontinuous, air permeable, steep sloperoofing products that results from the products rigidity, with or without contribution from sealant or other adhesive to help holddown the leading edge of the tabs, or mechanical
4、interlocking, with or without contribution from sealant or other adhesive to helphold down the leading edge of the tabs, or any combination thereof. The products are applied to a test panel in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions and tested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope, or at the lowest slope per
5、mitted by those instructions.1.2 This method evaluates wind resistance using a fan-induced procedure, delivering a stream of air across the exposed surfaceof the test specimens. This method does not measure structural performance, and does not provide a measure of uplift resistance.Consequently, thi
6、s method is not applicable to continuous, non-permeable roof systems or coverings (such as membranes ormechanically-seamed metal roof panels).1.3 This test method is limited to was formerly titled “Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but wasrevised to acknowledge that the metho
7、d is applicable to many other steep slope roofing product applied with a maximum exposureof 410 mm (16 in.).products and has been used to evaluate the wind resistance of those products for many years by several testingand certification laboratories. Steep slope roofing products that fall under the s
8、cope of this test method, in addition to asphaltshingles, are polymer-based shingles, fiber-cement shingles, concrete tiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovoltaic shingles.NOTE 1This test method was formerly titled “Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but was revised to
9、acknowledge that themethod is applicable to many other steep slope roofing products and has been used to evaluate the wind resistance of those products for many years byseveral testing and certification laboratories, Products that have been tested by this method, in addition to asphalt shingles, inc
10、lude polymer-basedshingles, fiber-cement shingles, concrete tiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovoltaic shingles. The terms steep slope roofing products, or product,are used throughout this standard to include all of these types of steep slope roofing products.1.4 This test method is limited
11、 to steep slope roofing product applied with a maximum exposure of 410 mm 16 in.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of
12、the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health p
13、ractices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1079.3.2 Definitions:
14、1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on SteepRoofing Products and Assemblies.Current edition approved June 15, 2013July 1, 2014. Published July 2013July 2014. Originally approved in 197
15、2. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 asD3161 12.D3161/D3161M 13. DOI: 10.1520/D3161_D3161M-13.10.1520/D3161_D3161M-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information,
16、 refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict al
17、l changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
18、59. United States13.2.1 sealas it relates to steep slope roofing products, is the bonding that results from the use of sealant.3.2.2 sealantas it relates to steep slope roofing products, is defined as factory-applied or field-applied material designed tohelp hold down the leading edge of the tabs.3.
19、2.3 sealedthe condition of the products after they are subjected to the conditioning procedure described in 8.2.3.2.4 tab, na discrete section of the exposed portion of a steep slope roofing product.3.2.4.1 DiscussionTypically, the exposed portion of an asphalt shingle consists of one or more tabs.
20、Many other steep slope roofing products consistof a single tab per unit.4. Classes of Steep Slope Roofing Products4.1 Products are of three classes:4.1.1 Class APass at a test velocity of 97 km/h 60 mph.4.1.2 Class DPass at a test velocity of 145 km/h 90 mph.4.1.3 Class FPass at a test velocity of 1
21、77 km/h 110 mph.5. Significance and Use5.1 Most steep slope roofing products that have demonstrated wind resistance by this test have also performed well in use.Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of thistest to si
22、mulate. The results of this test do not directly correlate to wind speeds experienced in service, and no accommodation ismade in this test method for building height, building exposure category, or building importance factor.5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of a steep slope roofing pro
23、duct in the field; for example, temperature, time, roofslope, contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners, both appropriate and inappropriate, that are misaligned or misplaces,misplaced, or over- or under-driven, and sealant adhesion, if used and functioning. It is beyond the scope of this test
24、method toaddress all of these influences. This test method is designed to evaluate the wind resistance of products as described in the scopewhen representative samples are applied to test panels in accordance with the manufacturers instructions and conditioned asspecified before testing.6. Apparatus
25、6.1 Test Machine, capable of delivering a horizontal stream of air through a rectangular opening 914 mm 36 in. wide and 305mm 12 in. high at a velocity not less than 97 km/h 60 mph. At a velocity of not less than 177 km/h 110 mph, it is permissibleto add a duct section to the equipment to lower the
26、height of the rectangular opening to 152 mm 6 in. The machine shall beequipped with an adjustable stand to receive a test panel and be adapted to setting the test panel at any desired slope, at anyhorizontal distance from the lower edge of the duct opening, and at various angles incident to the wind
27、 direction.6.1.1 CalibrationAs a minimum, at the start of each test day, and at the start of each new desired test velocity, the air velocityshall be calibrated. Obtain calibration measurements using a bare panel as described in 7.1, or the test panel with the candidateproduct to be tested. With the
28、 panel positioned as described in 9.1, the velocity shall be measured using calibrated airflowmeasuring devices, such as pitot tubes or airflow anemometers. Velocity measurements shall be taken at a minimum of three evenlyspaced locations across the duct orifice. The average measured velocity shall
29、not vary more than 65 mph from the target testvelocity selected to achieve the desired class of product.6.2 Timer, capable of reading to the nearest minute.6.3 Mechanical Circulation Conditioning Cell or Room, having forced circulation of air capable of receiving a 1.27-m 50-in.wide by 1.68-m 66-in.
30、 long, or larger test panel on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the productmanufacturers installation instructions, and of maintaining a uniform temperature of 57 to 60C 135 to 140F.7. Test Samples7.1 The test panels shall be of plywood, tightly matched sheathing boards, or
31、 other suitable decking material and not less than1.27 by 1.68 m 50 by 66 in. in size. They are to be of such rigidity that they will not twist or distort with normal handling, orvibrate from the wind velocity during the test.7.2 Apply the product to duplicate panels, parallel to the short dimension
32、 of the panel, in the normal manner recommended bythe manufacturer. Use roofing nails, or other fasteners specified, or allowed, by the manufacturer, properly positioned in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions, to fasten the product to the test panel. Do not apply sealant or adhesive to fas
33、ten down tabsunless required by the manufacturers installation instructions. Do not apply pressure to the product either during or afterapplication unless required by the manufacturers instructions.D3161/D3161M 1427.3 Apply interlocking-type product to an additional two panels, parallel to the short
34、 dimension of the panel, in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions.7.4 Secure the product at the outer edge of each test panel.7.5 Control the temperature at 27 6 8C 80 6 15F and maintain the slope of the panel at 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest sloperecommended in the product manufacturers instal
35、lation instructions, during application of the product.8. Conditioning of Product Test Panels8.1 Maintain the test panels at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturersinstallation instructions, and at a temperature of 27 6 8C 80 6 15F until beginning heat co
36、nditioning.8.2 For a product with sealant or other adhesive to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, place the test panels in theconditioning cell or room on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturers installationinstructions, and maintain the air tem
37、perature in the conditioning cell or room at a temperature of 57 to 60C 135 to 140F fora continuous period of 16 h.8.3 For a product that does not use sealants or adhesives, sealants, place the test panels in a conditioning cell or a room on aslope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in
38、the product manufacturers installation instructions, and maintain atroom temperature 27 6 8C 80 6 15F for a continuous period of at least 16 h.8.4 After completion of the conditioning period, allow the test panels to come to room temperature 2768C 80615F whilebeing maintained at a slope of 2:12 (17
39、%), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturers installationinstructions.8.5 Exercise care to avoid pressure on, or damage to, the product by any twisting or distortion of the test panels in handling.9. Test Procedure9.1 Location of the Test PanelInstall the panel on the test carria
40、ge and accurately adjust it in relation to the duct so that theexposed edge of the target course will be on the same level as the lower edge of the duct orifice at a horizontal distance of 1786 1 mm 7 6 116 in. The target course shall be the third course up from the bottom of the panel 178178 6 1 mm
41、 7 6 116in. The target course shall be the third course up from the bottom of the panel for product applied with exposure less than 230mm (9 in.),9 in., and shall be the second course up from the bottom of the panel for product applied with exposure of 230 mm(9 in.)9 in. and greater up to the maximu
42、m of 410 mm (16 in.).16 in. The test slope shall be 2:12 (17 %) or the lowest sloperecommended by the manufacturer for the product being tested. The test panel and carriage on which the test panel is supportedshall be braced or otherwise prevented from movement during the test.9.1.1 Test a minimum o
43、f two panels for each product being tested.9.1.2 Since the design of interlocking-type product makes it difficult to determine the most critical angle of wind direction,conduct the test at a minimum of three different angles using a separate panel for each test (head-on, with the bottom of the targe
44、tcourse parallel to and 178 mm 7 in. away from the machine orifice; and with the panel rotated 30 and 60 from the head-onposition, with the bottom corner of the target-course tab nearest the duct being 178 mm 7 in. away from and in the samehorizontal plane as the bottom of the machine orifice). Test
45、 another panel at the position judged to be most critical on the basisof the first three tests.9.2 Performing the TestMaintain the ambient temperature at 24 6 3C 75 6 5F during the tests.9.2.1 When the test panel is set in position, start the fan to produce the target test velocity, as established d
46、uring calibration.The fan shall be operated continuously without adjustment for 2 h, or until such lesser time as a failure occurs.9.2.2 During the test, observations are to be made by an observer or by video, or both, and recorded when any lifting of producttabs can be seen or noted. Any observable
47、 damage to the product or the disengaging of any interlocking feature, or a product tab,or the detachment of any part of the product from the deck, including any failure of adhesive,sealant, with its time of occurrenceshall be recorded. The full assessment of damage, as required by 10.3, is possible
48、 only after the cessation of the test.9.2.3 In the event that observable failure occurs during the test, stop the air flow and record the elapsed time. The observableend point for failure shall be taken at the time of the observed failure or upon review of the video at the conclusion of the test inw
49、hich any one or more full product tabs lift beyond perpendicular to the deck, or any interlocking feature tears loose or disengagesfrom its interlocked position.NOTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method with different test velocities and different time intervals of stop-and-go frequencies to do researchon the performance of a steep slope roofing product in an unsealed condition. If this is done, the product does not have to be conditioned as specifiedin 8.2 before testin
