1、Designation: D 3203 05Standard Test Method forPercent Air Voids in Compacted Dense and OpenBituminous Paving Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3203; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the percent airvoids in compacted dense and open bituminous paving mi
3、x-tures.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refe
4、renced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1188 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures, Using Paraffin-Coated SpecimensD 2041 Test Method for Theoretical Maximum SpecificGravity of Bituminous Paving MixturesD 2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densit
5、yof Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous MixturesD 3549 Test Method for Thickness or Height of CompactedBituminous Paving Mixture SpecimensD 4460 Practice for Calculating Precision Limits WhereValues are Calculated from Other Test MethodsD 6752 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Comp
6、acted Bituminous Mixtures Using AutomaticVacuum Sealing MethodD 6857 Test Method for Maximum Specific Gravity andDensity of Bituminous Paving Mixtures Using the Auto-matic Vacuum Sealing MethodE12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravityof Solids, Liquids, and Gases33. Terminology3.1 The
7、 terms specific gravity and density used in this testmethod are in accordance with Terminology E12.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 air voidsthe pockets of air between the bitumen-coated aggregate particles in a compacted bituminous pavingmixture.3.2.2 dense bituminous paving mixturesbituminous pav-ing mixture
8、s in which the air voids are less than 10 % whencompacted.3.2.3 open bituminous paving mixturesbituminous pavingmixtures in which the air voids are 10 % or more whencompacted.3.2.3.1 DiscussionFor borderline cases, a bituminouspaving mixture shall be designated an open bituminous pavingmixture if th
9、e calculated percent air voids, based on either 6.1or 6.2, is 10 % or more.4. Significance and Use4.1 The percent of air voids in a bituminous mixture is usedas one of the criteria in the design methods and for evaluationof the compaction imparted in bituminous paving projects.5. Sampling5.1 Samples
10、 for testing shall consist of specimens fromlaboratory molded mixtures or cores from field compactedmixtures.6. Procedure6.1 For dense bituminous paving mixtures, determine thebulk specific gravity of the compacted mixture by Test MethodD 1188, by Test Method D 2726, or by Test Method D 6752.Determi
11、ne the theoretical maximum specific gravity by TestMethod D 2041 or by Test Method D 6857 on a comparablebituminous mixture to avoid the influence of differences ingradation, asphalt content, and so forth.6.2 For open bituminous mixtures, determine the density ofa regularly shaped specimen of compac
12、ted mixture from its drymass (in grams) and its volume (in cubic centimetres). Obtainthe height of the specimens by Test Method D 3549. Measurethe diameter of the specimen at four locations and average.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and
13、is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 onSpecific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published July 2005. Originally approvedin 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 3203 94 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
14、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
15、59, United States.Calculate the volume of the specimen based on the averageheight and diameter measurement. Convert the density to bulkspecific gravity by dividing by 0.99707 g/cm3or 997 kg/m3,the density of water at 25C (77F). Determine the theoreticalmaximum specific gravity by Test Method D 2041
16、on acomparable bituminous mixture to avoid the influence ofdifferences in gradation, asphalt content, etc.6.3 For borderline cases, a bituminous paving mixture shallbe designated an open bituminous paving mixture if thecalculated percent air voids, based on either 6.1 or 6.2,is10%or more.6.4 For ref
17、eree purposes, determine both the bulk specificgravity and the theoretical maximum specific gravity on aliquotportions of the same sample of compacted bituminous pavingmixture.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate the percent air voids in a compacted bitumi-nous paving mixture as follows:Percent air voids 5 1
18、00 12bulk sp gr/theoretical maximum sp gr!(1)8. Precision and Bias8.1 The precision of this test method depends on theprecision of test methods for bulk specific gravity and theo-retical maximum specific gravity. It is computed by a proce-dure described in Practice D 4460. Since the computation forp
19、ercent air voids in 7.1 involves the quotient of bulk specificgravity divided by the theoretical maximum specific gravity,the quotient formula is used:sx/y5y2sx21 x2sy2y4(2)where:sx/y= standard deviation for determining precision limitsof test results based on the quotient of test resultsfrom Test M
20、ethod D 1188, D 2726,orD 6752, andTest Method D 2041 or D 6857,x = mean (average) of x standard test results (bulkspecific gravity, Test Method D 1188, D 2726,orD 6752),y = mean (average) of y standard test results (theoreticalmaximum specific gravity, Test Method D 2041 orD 6857),sx= standard devia
21、tion from the precision statement of xstandard test results (bulk specific gravity, TestMethod D 1188, D 2726,orD 6752), andsy= standard deviation from precision statement of ystandard test results (maximum theoretical specificgravity, Test Method D 2041 or D 6857).8.2 Criteria for judging the accep
22、tability of percent air voidstest results would be presented in the form:StandardDeviationAcceptable Range ofTwo ResultsOperator Precision sx/y2.8 sx/yAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF PRECISIONX1.1 Assume the following precision data:Bulk specific gravity, xAverage Standa
23、rd Deviation2.423 0.007Theoretical maximum specific gravity, yAverage Standard Deviation2.523 0.004Then using the equation in 8.1:sx/y52.523!20.007!21 2.423!20.004!22.523!45 0.00316 (X1.1)This value is in terms of air voids; therefore it should bemultiplied by 100 to convert it into percentage. Ther
24、efore:sx/y5 0.00316100! 5 0.32 % (X1.2)ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the
25、riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of
26、this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldma
27、ke your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D3203052
