1、Designation: D 3385 03Standard Test Method forInfiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-RingInfiltrometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3385; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a proce
3、dure for field mea-surement of the rate of infiltration of liquid (typically water)into soils using double-ring infiltrometer.1.2 Soils should be regarded as natural occurring fine orcoarse-grained soils or processed materials or mixtures ofnatural soils and processed materials, or other porous mate
4、rials,and which are basically insoluble and are in accordance withrequirements of 1.5.1.3 This test method is particularly applicable to relativelyuniform fine-grained soils, with an absence of very plastic (fat)clays and gravel-size particles and with moderate to lowresistance to ring penetration.1
5、.4 This test method may be conducted at the groundsurface or at given depths in pits, and on bare soil or withvegetation in place, depending on the conditions for whichinfiltration rates are desired. However, this test method cannotbe conducted where the test surface is below the ground watertable o
6、r perched water table.1.5 This test method is difficult to use or the resultant datamay be unreliable, or both, in very pervious or impervious soils(soils with a hydraulic conductivity greater than about 102cm/s or less than about 1 3 106cm/s) or in dry or stiff soilsthat most likely will fracture w
7、hen the rings are installed. Forsoils with hydraulic conductivity less than 1 3 106cm/s referto Test Method D 5093.1.6 This test method cannot be used directly to determinethe hydraulic conductivity (coefficient of permeability) of thesoil (see 5.2).1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regard
8、ed as thestandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u
9、se.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids2D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger Borings2D 2216 Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil-AggregateMixtures2D 2488 Practi
10、ce for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)2D 5093 Test Method for Field Measurement of InfiltrationRate Using a Double-Ring Infiltrometer With a SealedInner Ring23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 incremental infiltration velocitythe quantity of flowper unit area over a
11、n increment of time. It has the same unitsas the infiltration rate.3.1.2 infiltrationthe downward entry of liquid into thesoil.3.1.3 infiltration ratea selected rate, based on measuredincremental infiltration velocities, at which liquid can enter thesoil under specified conditions, including the pre
12、sence of anexcess of liquid. It has the dimensions of velocity (that is,cm3cm2h1=cmh1).3.1.4 infiltrometera device for measuring the rate of entryof liquid into a porous body, for example, water into soil.3.1.5 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Terminology D 653.4. Sum
13、mary of Test Method4.1 The double-ring infiltrometer method consists of drivingtwo open cylinders, one inside the other, into the ground,partially filling the rings with water or other liquid, and thenmaintaining the liquid at a constant level. The volume of liquidadded to the inner ring, to maintai
14、n the liquid level constant isthe measure of the volume of liquid that infiltrates the soil. The1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on HydrologicProperties of Soil and Rock.Current edition approved
15、June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originallyapproved in 1975. Discontinued December 2002 and reinstated as D 3385 03.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.volume infiltrated dur
16、ing timed intervals is converted to anincremental infiltration velocity, usually expressed in centime-tre per hour or inch per hour and plotted versus elapsed time.The maximum-steady state or average incremental infiltrationvelocity, depending on the purpose/application of the test isequivalent to t
17、he infiltration rate.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is useful for field measurement of theinfiltration rate of soils. Infiltration rates have application tosuch studies as liquid waste disposal, evaluation of potentialseptic-tank disposal fields, leaching and drainage efficiencies,irrig
18、ation requirements, water spreading and recharge, andcanal or reservoir leakage, among other applications.5.2 Although the units of infiltration rate and hydraulicconductivity of soils are similar, there is a distinct differencebetween these two quantities. They cannot be directly relatedunless the
19、hydraulic boundary conditions are known, such ashydraulic gradient and the extent of lateral flow of water, or canbe reliably estimated.5.3 The purpose of the outer ring is to promote one-dimensional, vertical flow beneath the inner ring.5.4 Many factors affect the infiltration rate, for example the
20、soil structure, soil layering, condition of the soil surface,degree of saturation of the soil, chemical and physical nature ofthe soil and of the applied liquid, head of the applied liquid,temperature of the liquid, and diameter and depth of embed-ment of rings.3Thus, tests made at the same site are
21、 not likelyto give identical results and the rate measured by the testmethod described in this standard is primarily for comparativeuse.5.5 Some aspects of the test, such as the length of time thetests should be conducted and the head of liquid to be applied,must depend upon the experience of the us
22、er, the purpose fortesting, and the kind of information that is sought.6. Apparatus6.1 Infiltrometer RingsCylinders approximately 500 mm(20 in.) high and having diameters of about 300 and 600 mm(12 and 24 in.). Larger cylinders may be used, providing theratio of the outer to inner cylinders is about
23、 two. Cylinders canbe made of 3-mm (18-in.), hard-alloy, aluminum sheet or othermaterial sufficiently strong to withstand hard driving, with thebottom edge bevelled (see Fig. 1). The bevelled edges shall bekept sharp. Stainless steel or strong plastic rings may have tobe used when working with corro
24、sive fluids.6.2 Driving CapsDisks of 13-mm (12-in.) thick hard-alloyaluminum with centering pins around the edge, or preferablyhaving a recessed groove about 5 mm (0.2 in.) deep with awidth about 1 mm (0.05 in.) wider than the thickness of thering. The diameters of the disks should be slightly large
25、r thanthose of the infiltrometer rings.6.3 Driving EquipmentA 5.5-kg (12-lb) mall or sledgeand a 600 or 900-mm (2 or 3-ft) length of wood approximately50 by 100 mm or 100 by 100 mm (2 by 4 in. or 4 by 4 in.), ora jack and reaction of suitable size.6.4 Depth GageA hook gage, steel tape or rule, or le
26、ngthof steel or plastic rod pointed on one end, for use in measuringand controlling the depth of liquid (head) in the infiltrometerring, when either a graduated Mariotte tube or automatic flowcontrol system is not used.6.5 Splash GuardSeveral pieces of rubber sheet or burlap150 mm (6 in.) square.6.6
27、 Rule or TapeTwo-metre (6-ft) steel tape or 300-mm(1-ft) steel rule.6.7 TampAny device that is basically rigid, has a handlenot less than 550 mm (22 in.) in length, and has a tamping footwith an area ranging from 650 to 4000 mm2(1 to 6 in.2) and amaximum dimension of 150 mm (6 in.).6.8 ShovelsOne lo
28、ng-handled shovel and one trenchingspade.6.9 Liquid Containers:6.9.1 One 200-L (55-gal) barrel for the main liquid supply,along with a length of rubber hose to siphon liquid from thebarrel to fill the calibrated head tanks (see 6.9.3).6.9.2 A 13-L (12-qt) pail for initial filling of the infiltrom-et
29、ers.6.9.3 Two calibrated head tanks for measurement of liquidflow during the test. These may be either graduated cylinders orMariotte tubes having a minimum volume capacity of about3000 mL (see Note 1 and Note 2 and Fig. 2).NOTE 1It is useful to have one head tank with a capacity of threetimes that
30、of the other because the area of the annular space between therings is about three times that of the inner ring.NOTE 2In many cases, the volume capacity of these calibrated headtanks must be significantly larger than 3000 mL, especially if the test hasto continue overnight. Capacities of about 50 L
31、(13 gal) would not beuncommon.3Discussion of factors affecting infiltration rate is contained in the followingreference: Johnson, A. I., A Field Method for Measurement of Infiltration, U.S.Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1544-F, 1963, pp. 49.FIG. 1 Infiltrometer ConstructionD33850326.10 Liquid
32、SupplyWater, or preferably, liquid of thesame quality and temperature as that involved in the problembeing examined. The liquid used must be chemically compat-ible with the infiltrometer rings and other equipment used tocontain the liquid.NOTE 3To obtain maximum infiltration rates, the liquid should
33、 be freefrom suspended solids and the temperature of the liquid should be higherthan the soil temperature. This will tend to avoid reduction of infiltrationfrom blockage of voids by particles or gases coming out of solution.6.11 Watch or StopwatchA stopwatch would only berequired for high infiltrati
34、on rates.6.12 LevelA carpenters level or bulls-eye (round) level.6.13 ThermometerWith accuracy of 0.5C and capable ofmeasuring ground temperature.6.14 Rubber Hammer (mallet).6.15 pH Paper, in 0.5 increments.6.16 Recording MaterialsRecord books and graph paper,or special forms with graph section (see
35、 Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).6.17 Hand AugerOrchard-type (barrel-type) auger with75-mm (3-in.) diameter, 225-mm (9-in.) long barrel and arubber-headed tire hammer for knocking sample out of theauger. This apparatus is optional.6.18 Float ValvesTwo constant level float valves (carbu-retors or bob-float types)
36、 with support stands. This apparatus isoptional.6.19 Covers and Dummy Tests Set-UpFor long-term testsin which evaporation of fluid from the infiltration rings andunsealed reservoirs can occur (see 8.2.1).7. Calibration7.1 Rings:7.1.1 Determine the area of each ring and the annular spacebetween rings
37、 before initial use and before reuse after anythinghas occurred, including repairs, which may affect the testresults significantly.7.1.2 Determine the area using a measuring technique thatwill provide an overall accuracy of 1 %.7.1.3 The area of the annular space between rings is equal tothe interna
38、l area of the 600-mm (24-in.) ring minus the externalarea of the 300-mm (12-in.) ring.7.2 Liquid ContainersFor each graduated cylinder orgraduated Mariotte tube, establish the relationship between thechange in elevation of liquid (fluid) level and change in volumeof fluid. This relationship shall ha
39、ve an overall accuracy of1%.8. Procedure8.1 Test Site:8.1.1 Establish the soil strata to be tested from the soilprofile determined by the classification of soil samples from anadjacent auger hole.NOTE 4For the test results to be valid for soils below the test zone, thesoil directly below the test zo
40、ne must have equal or greater flow rates thanthe test zone.8.1.2 The test requires an area of approximately 3 by 3 m(10 by 10 ft) accessible by a truck.8.1.3 The test site should be nearly level, or a level surfaceshould be prepared.8.1.4 The test may be set up in a pit if infiltration rates aredesi
41、red at depth rather than at the surface.8.2 Technical Precautions:NOTE 1Constant-level float valves have been eliminated for simplification of the illustrationFIG. 2 Ring Installation and Mariotte Tube DetailsD33850338.2.1 For long-term tests, avoid unattended sites whereinterference with test equip
42、ment is possible, such as sites nearchildren or in pastures with livestock. Also, evaporation offluid from the rings and unsealed reservoirs can lead to errorsin the measured infiltration rate. Therefore, in such tests,completely cover the top of the rings and unsealed reservoirswith a relatively ai
43、rtight material, but vented to the atmospherethrough a small hole or tube. In addition, make measurementsto verify that the rate of evaporation in a similar test configu-ration (without any infiltration into the soil) is less than 20% ofthe infiltration rate being measured.8.2.2 Make provisions to p
44、rotect the test apparatus and fluidfrom direct sunlight and temperature variations that are largeenough to affect the slow measurements significantly, espe-cially for test durations greater than a few hours or those usinga Mariotte tube. The expansion or contraction of the air in theMariotte tube ab
45、ove the water due to temperature changes maycause changes in the rate of flow of the liquid from the tubewhich will result in a fluctuating water level in the infiltrometerrings.8.3 Driving Infiltration Rings with a Sledge:NOTE 5Driving rings with a jack is preferred; see 8.4.8.3.1 Place the driving
46、 cap on the outer ring and center itthereon. Place the wood block (see 6.3) on the driving cap.8.3.2 Drive the outer ring into the soil with blows of a heavysledge on the wood block to a depth that will (a) prevent thetest fluid from leaking to the ground surface surrounding thering, and (b) be deep
47、er than the depth to which the inner ringwill be driven. A depth of about 150 mm (6 in.) is usuallyadequate. Use blows of medium force to prevent fracturing ofthe soil surface. Move the wood block around the edge of thedriving cap every one or two blows so that the ring willpenetrate the soil unifor
48、mly. A second person standing on thewood block and driving cap will usually facilitate driving thering, and reduce vibrations and disturbance.8.3.3 Center the smaller ring inside the larger ring and driveto a depth that will prevent leakage of the test fluid to theground surface surrounding the ring
49、, using the same techniqueas in 8.3.2. A depth of between about 50 and 100 mm (2 and 4in.) is usually adequate.8.4 Driving Infiltration Rings with Jacks:FIG. 3 Data Form for Infiltration Test with Sample DataD33850348.4.1 Use a heavy jack under the back end of a truck to driverings as an alternative to the sledge method (see 8.3).8.4.2 Center the wood block across the driving cap of thering. Center a jack on the wood block. Place the top of the jackand the assembled items vertically under the previously posi-tioned end of a truck body and apply f
