1、Designation: D 3385 09Standard Test Method forInfiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-RingInfiltrometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3385; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a proced
3、ure for field mea-surement of the rate of infiltration of liquid (typically water)into soils using double-ring infiltrometer.1.2 Soils should be regarded as natural occurring fine orcoarse-grained soils or processed materials or mixtures ofnatural soils and processed materials, or other porous mater
4、ials,and which are basically insoluble and are in accordance withrequirements of 1.5.1.3 This test method is particularly applicable to relativelyuniform fine-grained soils, with an absence of very plastic (fat)clays and gravel-size particles and with moderate to lowresistance to ring penetration.1.
5、4 This test method may be conducted at the groundsurface or at given depths in pits, and on bare soil or withvegetation in place, depending on the conditions for whichinfiltration rates are desired. However, this test method cannotbe conducted where the test surface is below the ground watertable or
6、 perched water table.1.5 This test method is difficult to use or the resultant datamay be unreliable, or both, in very pervious or impervious soils(soils with a hydraulic conductivity greater than about 102cm/s or less than about 1 3 106cm/s) or in dry or stiff soilsthat most likely will fracture wh
7、en the rings are installed. Forsoils with hydraulic conductivity less than 1 3 106cm/s referto Test Method D 5093.1.6 This test method cannot be used directly to determinethe hydraulic conductivity (coefficient of permeability) of thesoil (see 5.2).1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarde
8、d as thestandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to us
9、e.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2488 Practice for Descr
10、iption and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 5093 Test Method for Field Measurement of InfiltrationRate Using Double-Ring Infiltrome
11、ter with Sealed-InnerRing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For common definitions of terms in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 incremental infiltration velocitythe quantity of flowper unit area over an increment of time. It has the same u
12、nitsas the infiltration rate.3.2.2 infiltrationthe downward entry of liquid into thesoil.3.2.3 infiltration ratea selected rate, based on measuredincremental infiltration velocities, at which liquid can enter thesoil under specified conditions, including the presence of anexcess of liquid. It has th
13、e dimensions of velocity (that is,cm3cm2h1=cmh1).3.2.4 infiltrometera device for measuring the rate of entryof liquid into a porous body, for example, water into soil.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The double-ring infiltrometer method consists of drivingtwo open cylinders, one inside the other, into t
14、he ground,1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on HydrologicProperties and Hydraulic Barriers.Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous ed
15、ition approved in 2003 as D 3385 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Internati
16、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.partially filling the rings with water or other liquid, and thenmaintaining the liquid at a constant level. The volume of liquidadded to the inner ring, to maintain the liquid level constant isthe measure of th
17、e volume of liquid that infiltrates the soil. Thevolume infiltrated during timed intervals is converted to anincremental infiltration velocity, usually expressed in centime-tre per hour or inch per hour and plotted versus elapsed time.The maximum-steady state or average incremental infiltrationveloc
18、ity, depending on the purpose/application of the test isequivalent to the infiltration rate.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is useful for field measurement of theinfiltration rate of soils. Infiltration rates have application tosuch studies as liquid waste disposal, evaluation of potenti
19、alseptic-tank disposal fields, leaching and drainage efficiencies,irrigation requirements, water spreading and recharge, andcanal or reservoir leakage, among other applications.5.2 Although the units of infiltration rate and hydraulicconductivity of soils are similar, there is a distinct differenceb
20、etween these two quantities. They cannot be directly relatedunless the hydraulic boundary conditions are known, such ashydraulic gradient and the extent of lateral flow of water, or canbe reliably estimated.5.3 The purpose of the outer ring is to promote one-dimensional, vertical flow beneath the in
21、ner ring.5.4 Many factors affect the infiltration rate, for example thesoil structure, soil layering, condition of the soil surface,degree of saturation of the soil, chemical and physical nature ofthe soil and of the applied liquid, head of the applied liquid,temperature of the liquid, and diameter
22、and depth of embed-ment of rings.3Thus, tests made at the same site are not likelyto give identical results and the rate measured by the testmethod described in this standard is primarily for comparativeuse.5.5 Some aspects of the test, such as the length of time thetests should be conducted and the
23、 head of liquid to be applied,must depend upon the experience of the user, the purpose fortesting, and the kind of information that is sought.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment an
24、d facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend
25、 on many factors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Infiltrometer RingsCylinders approximately 500 mm(20 in.) high and having diameters of about 300 and 600 mm(12 and 24 in.). Larger cylinders may be used, providing theratio of the outer to inner cyl
26、inders is about two. Cylinders canbe made of 3-mm (18-in.), hard-alloy, aluminum sheet or othermaterial sufficiently strong to withstand hard driving, with thebottom edge bevelled (see Fig. 1). The bevelled edges shall bekept sharp. Stainless steel or strong plastic rings may have tobe used when wor
27、king with corrosive fluids.6.2 Driving CapsDisks of 13-mm (12-in.) thick hard-alloyaluminum with centering pins around the edge, or preferablyhaving a recessed groove about 5 mm (0.2 in.) deep with awidth about 1 mm (0.05 in.) wider than the thickness of thering. The diameters of the disks should be
28、 slightly larger thanthose of the infiltrometer rings.6.3 Driving EquipmentA 5.5-kg (12-lb) mall or sledgeand a 600 or 900-mm (2 or 3-ft) length of wood approximately50 by 100 mm or 100 by 100 mm (2 by 4 in. or 4 by 4 in.), ora jack and reaction of suitable size.6.4 Depth GageA hook gage, steel tape
29、 or rule, or lengthof steel or plastic rod pointed on one end, for use in measuringand controlling the depth of liquid (head) in the infiltrometerring, when either a graduated Mariotte tube or automatic flowcontrol system is not used.6.5 Splash GuardSeveral pieces of rubber sheet or burlap150 mm (6
30、in.) square.6.6 Rule or TapeTwo-metre (6-ft) steel tape or 300-mm(1-ft) steel rule.6.7 TampAny device that is basically rigid, has a handlenot less than 550 mm (22 in.) in length, and has a tamping footwith an area ranging from 650 to 4000 mm2(1 to 6 in.2) and amaximum dimension of 150 mm (6 in.).6.
31、8 ShovelsOne long-handled shovel and one trenchingspade.6.9 Liquid Containers:6.9.1 One 200-L (55-gal) barrel for the main liquid supply,along with a length of rubber hose to siphon liquid from thebarrel to fill the calibrated head tanks (see 6.9.3).6.9.2 A 13-L (12-qt) pail for initial filling of t
32、he infiltrom-eters.3Discussion of factors affecting infiltration rate is contained in the followingreference: Johnson, A. I., A Field Method for Measurement of Infiltration, U.S.Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1544-F, 1963, pp. 49. FIG. 1 Infiltrometer ConstructionD33850926.9.3 Two calibrated h
33、ead tanks for measurement of liquidflow during the test.These may be either graduated cylinders orMariotte tubes having a minimum volume capacity of about3000 mL (see Note 2 and Note 3 and Fig. 2).NOTE 2It is useful to have one head tank with a capacity of threetimes that of the other because the ar
34、ea of the annular space between therings is about three times that of the inner ring.NOTE 3In many cases, the volume capacity of these calibrated headtanks must be significantly larger than 3000 mL, especially if the test hasto continue overnight. Capacities of about 50 L (13 gal) would not beuncomm
35、on.6.10 Liquid SupplyWater, or preferably, liquid of thesame quality and temperature as that involved in the problembeing examined. The liquid used must be chemically compat-ible with the infiltrometer rings and other equipment used tocontain the liquid.NOTE 4To obtain maximum infiltration rates, th
36、e liquid should be freefrom suspended solids and the temperature of the liquid should be higherthan the soil temperature. This will tend to avoid reduction of infiltrationfrom blockage of voids by particles or gases coming out of solution.6.11 Watch or StopwatchA stopwatch would only berequired for
37、high infiltration rates.6.12 LevelA carpenters level or bulls-eye (round) level.6.13 ThermometerWith accuracy of 0.5C and capable ofmeasuring ground temperature.6.14 Rubber Hammer (mallet).6.15 pH Paper, in 0.5 increments.6.16 Recording MaterialsRecord books and graph paper,or special forms with gra
38、ph section (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).6.17 Hand AugerOrchard-type (barrel-type) auger with75-mm (3-in.) diameter, 225-mm (9-in.) long barrel and arubber-headed tire hammer for knocking sample out of theauger. This apparatus is optional.6.18 Float ValvesTwo constant level float valves (carbu-retors or b
39、ob-float types) with support stands. This apparatus isoptional.6.19 Covers and Dummy Tests Set-UpFor long-term testsin which evaporation of fluid from the infiltration rings andunsealed reservoirs can occur (see 8.2.1).7. Calibration7.1 Rings:7.1.1 Determine the area of each ring and the annular spa
40、cebetween rings before initial use and before reuse after anythinghas occurred, including repairs, which may affect the testresults significantly.7.1.2 Determine the area using a measuring technique thatwill provide an overall accuracy of 1 %.7.1.3 The area of the annular space between rings is equa
41、l tothe internal area of the 600-mm (24-in.) ring minus the externalarea of the 300-mm (12-in.) ring.7.2 Liquid ContainersFor each graduated cylinder orgraduated Mariotte tube, establish the relationship between thechange in elevation of liquid (fluid) level and change in volumeof fluid. This relati
42、onship shall have an overall accuracy of1%.8. Procedure8.1 Test Site:8.1.1 Establish the soil strata to be tested from the soilprofile determined by the classification of soil samples from anadjacent auger hole.NOTE 1Constant-level float valves have been eliminated for simplification of the illustra
43、tionFIG. 2 Ring Installation and Mariotte Tube DetailsD3385093NOTE 5For the test results to be valid for soils below the test zone, thesoil directly below the test zone must have equal or greater flow rates thanthe test zone.8.1.2 The test requires an area of approximately 3 by 3 m(10 by 10 ft) acce
44、ssible by a truck.8.1.3 The test site should be nearly level, or a level surfaceshould be prepared.8.1.4 The test may be set up in a pit if infiltration rates aredesired at depth rather than at the surface.8.2 Technical Precautions:8.2.1 For long-term tests, avoid unattended sites whereinterference
45、with test equipment is possible, such as sites nearchildren or in pastures with livestock. Also, evaporation offluid from the rings and unsealed reservoirs can lead to errorsin the measured infiltration rate. Therefore, in such tests,completely cover the top of the rings and unsealed reservoirswith
46、a relatively airtight material, but vented to the atmospherethrough a small hole or tube. In addition, make measurementsto verify that the rate of evaporation in a similar test configu-ration (without any infiltration into the soil) is less than 20% ofthe infiltration rate being measured.8.2.2 Make
47、provisions to protect the test apparatus and fluidfrom direct sunlight and temperature variations that are largeenough to affect the slow measurements significantly, espe-cially for test durations greater than a few hours or those usinga Mariotte tube. The expansion or contraction of the air in theM
48、ariotte tube above the water due to temperature changes maycause changes in the rate of flow of the liquid from the tubewhich will result in a fluctuating water level in the infiltrometerrings.8.3 Driving Infiltration Rings with a Sledge:NOTE 6Driving rings with a jack is preferred; see 8.4.8.3.1 Pl
49、ace the driving cap on the outer ring and center itthereon. Place the wood block (see 6.3) on the driving cap.8.3.2 Drive the outer ring into the soil with blows of a heavysledge on the wood block to a depth that will (a) prevent thetest fluid from leaking to the ground surface surrounding thering, and (b) be deeper than the depth to which the inner ringwill be driven. A depth of about 150 mm (6 in.) is usuallyadequate. Use blows of medium force to prevent fracturing ofthe soil surface. Move the wood block around the edge of theFIG. 3 Data For
