1、Designation: D 3437 03Standard Practice forSampling and Handling Liquid Cyclic Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling and han-dling several liquid cyclic products. These specifically coverliquids at ambient temper
3、ature and include benzene, toluene,xylenes, cyclohexane, styrene, pyridine, ethylbenzene, isopro-pylbenzene, and alpha-methylstyrene.1.2 Any person sampling and handling these productsshould have specific first aid instructions and equipmentavailable for use in the event of personal contact or expos
4、ure.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specif
5、ic hazardstatements, see Sections 5, 6 and 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester2D 850 Test Method for Distillation of Industrial AromaticHydrocarbons and Related Materials3D 3505 Test Method for Density or Relative Density ofPure Liquid Ch
6、emicals3E 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals42.2 American National Standards Institute Standard:Z 288.1 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code52.3 API Document:6RP-500A Classification of Locations for Electrical Installa-tions in Petroleum Refineries62.4 Other Documents:OSHA Regulations,
7、 29 CFR paragraphs 1910.1000 and1910.20007OSHA Benzene Standard, 29 CFR 1910.10287U.S. DOT Regulations, 49 CFR Transportation, SubchapterC, Parts 171-1807DOT/USCG 46 CFR Subchapter O, Part 17173. Significance and Use3.1 This practice is issued to provide information useful inestablishing sampling an
8、d handling procedures. It is expectedthat this information will only be utilized in conjunction withan existing health and safety program. The information pro-vided herein cannot be used as a substitute for expert safety andmedical advice, but rather as a supplement to such advice.4. Description of
9、Products (See Table 1)4.1 These liquids are marketed in different grades of purityso the physical properties may vary slightly.4.2 The products listed in Table 1 are classified by theDepartment of Transportation as flammable liquids, and con-tainers must bear flammable liquid labels. Trucks and tank
10、 carsmust have flammable liquid placards.4.2.1 These products are ordinarily transported in steeldrums, tank cars, tank trucks, barges and ships.4.2.2 While these products are dangerous when handledimproperly, their unloading need not be hazardous providingthe hazards are recognized and handling ins
11、tructions are rigidlyobserved.4.3 Products shipped by air must be packaged to meet IATAand ICAO requirements.5. Hazards5.1 HealthConsult current OSHA regulations, suppliersMaterial Safety Data Sheets, and local regulations for allmaterials used in this practice.5.2 Fire:5.2.1 All of these liquids in
12、troduce a potential fire hazardwhere they are stored, handled, or used.5.2.2 Vapors of all of these materials can form explosivemixtures with air.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 on AromaticHydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mi
13、ttee D16.08 on Handling and Sampling Aromatic and Cyclic Hydrocarbons.Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 3437 - 99.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04.4An
14、nual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.5Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thFloor, New York, NY 10036.6Available from American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St. NW, Washington, DC20005.7Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Wa
15、shington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2.3 Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water fog canbe used in fighting fires of these products. Special alcohol-typefoam is required to extinguish effectively
16、a fire involvingpyridine.5.3 For chemical emergency (spill, leak, fire, exposure,accident), call CHEMTREC day or night at 1-800-424-9300.For emergency calls outside the United States, call 703-527-3887. (Collect calls are accepted and all calls are recorded.)6. Protection Equipment6.1 Employees who
17、work with the chemicals listed in Table1 should be trained and should maintain safe working condi-tions. Persons working with these chemicals require eye, face,body protection, and, for benzene, various types of respiratoryprotection that is dictated by the amount of exposure. ConsultMSDS for more s
18、pecific recommendations.6.2 Personal protective equipment is not an adequate sub-stitute for good safe working conditions, proper ventilation,and intelligent conduct. Correct usage of protection equipmentrequires education in proper use.7. Safety Precautions7.1 Unloading, loading and sampling operat
19、ions must beconducted by carefully instructed employees and only whenadequate lighting is provided.7.2 Be sure that the storage tank is safely vented beforeconnecting the unloading line.7.3 Take extreme care to prevent spills and leaks. In casematerial is spilled, wash contaminated areas thoroughly
20、withlarge quantities of water and collect the liquid in the plantchemical waste system. All spill-related activities should com-ply with applicable EPA, OSHA and local regulations andlaws.7.4 Because of the flammability of vapors, do not permitsparks or open flames in the vicinity of barges, ships,
21、tank cars,tank trucks, drums, or storage tanks. All electrical equipmentand wiring shall be of a type specified by and shall be installedin accordance with the National Electrical Code after deter-mining whether or not the operation is carried out in aclassified or unclassified area for electrical i
22、nstallations. Elec-trically bond tank cars, tank trucks, and drums by an approvedmethod. Smoking is absolutely prohibited.NOTE 1See API-RP500A and ANSI Z 288.1, Chapters VI and VIII,on electric installations.7.5 Do not permit workmen to enter an empty storagevessel, barge, ship, tank car, or tank tr
23、uck until it has beenthoroughly washed out with warm water, followed by athorough steaming, and the tank atmosphere analyzed foroxygen as well as flammables. Entry should not be madewithout respiratory protection if the vapor space is not incompliance with OSHA TWA values. SUPERVISORS AP-PROVAL FOR
24、ENTRY IS REQUIRED IN EVERY CASE.7.6 Employees handling benzene must be trained annuallyto meet the requirements of OSHA Benzene Standard (29 CFR1910.1028) and wear the respiratory protection listed.7.7 Employees shall:7.7.1 Know the hazards connected with the handling ofspecific products;7.7.2 Be co
25、mpletely acquainted with the purpose, use, andmaintenance of personal protective equipment;7.7.3 Be trained to report promptly to supervision allsuspected leaks or equipment failures;7.7.4 Be trained to recognize and report any symptoms ofsystemic poisoning or skin contact; be thoroughly trained in
26、theproper procedures for administering first aid and for obtainingprofessional medical help;7.7.5 Know and routinely practice the accepted methods ofsampling and handling these materials in order to avoid spillingor splashing, leaks, skin contact, vapor or mist inhalation, oringestion;7.7.6 Be compl
27、etely familiar with the location and operationof safety showers, eye baths, hose lines, and all other first aidequipment; and7.7.7 Know the importance of personal cleanliness and thenecessity for immediate removal of clothing contaminated withthese products.8. Unloading and Sampling of Tank Cars8.1
28、Unloading:TABLE 1 Physical PropertiesProductBoilingPoint,ACSolidificationPoint,BCFlash PointCClosed Cup,CReid VaporPressureCharacteristics,BpsiaRelativeDensity,D15.56/15.56COdorThreshold,BppmExplosionLimitBLowerExplosionLimitBHigherIgnitionTemperatureBFBenzene 80 5.5 11 3.22 0.88 4.7 1.3 7.9 1097Cyc
29、lohexane 80 6.6 17 3.3 0.78 2.5 1.3 8.4 518Ethylbenzene 136 95 15 0.4 0.87 140 1.0 6.7 860Isopropylbenzene 152 96 46 0.5 0.87 1.2 0.9 6.5 797Pyridine 115 42 20 0.77 0.99 0.02 1.8 12.4 900Styrene 145 30 31 0.27 0.91 0.15 1.1 6.1 914Toluene 110 95 4 1.1 0.87 0.17 1.3 7.0 997Xylene (mixed) 137 to 144 6
30、5 27 0.4 0.87 0.05 1.0 7.0 977oXylene 144 25 17 0.28 0.88 0.05 1.1 7.0 869pXylene 138 13 27 0.34 0.87 0.05 1.1 6.6 870alpha-Methyl Styrene 165 23 45 0.23 0.91 38CIsopropenylbenzene, 3, UN2303, II N/A Yes 150 203 241* flammable liquid flammable *flash point 38CD34370339.1.3 Before making any connecti
31、on or contact between thetank truck and the unloading line or other unloading equip-ment, electrically bond the tank truck in a manner similar tothat for tank cars as described in 8.1.3.9.1.4 Tank trucks can be either top or bottom unloaded inthe same manner as for tank cars as described in 8.1.4.9.
32、1.5 Air pressure is not permissible for unloading tanktrucks of these materials. Nitrogen pressure is permissible forthis purpose.9.2 Sampling:9.2.1 Sample a tank truck in the same way as tank cars, withthe same rigid adherence to the precautions against moistureand color degradation.9.2.2 Label sam
33、ple containers as described in 8.2.2.10. Unloading and Sampling of Drums10.1 Unloading:10.1.1 When a carload or truckload of drums is received,open the truck doors or the doors on both sides of the car, as thecase may be, to allow thorough ventilation of the vehiclebefore entering it. Examine each s
34、hipment for leaking drums.Remove all potential sources of ignition from the area.10.1.2 Before drums are opened, they should be properlysupported. Products should not be dispensed from drums intometal containers unless the nozzle or fill pipe is in electricalcontact with the container. This can be a
35、ccomplished bymaintaining metallic contact during filling, by a bond wirebetween them, or by other conductive paths having an electri-cal resistance not greater than 106V . Bonding is not requiredwhere a container is filled through a closed system, or is madeof glass or other nonconducting material.
36、10.1.3 It is necessary that the operator wear goggles and usea bung or plug wrench when removing the body plug from adrum of one of these materials. Place the drum upright, standto one side, and turn the face away during the operation. Afterthe plug starts to loosen, give it not more than one full t
37、urn. Ifinternal pressure exists, allow it to escape to the atmosphere.Then loosen the plug further and remove it.10.1.4 The preferable safe method for emptying drums is byhand pump. If an electrical pump is used, it shall be installedin accordance with the National Electrical Code and shall besuitab
38、le for the electrical classification of the area in which itis located. If these drums are emptied by gravity, the faucetsmust be self-closing. The use of pressure for emptying drumsis not recommended.10.2 Sampling:10.2.1 The use of a stainless steel sampling tube is recom-mended for drum sampling.
39、The tube should be designed sothat it will be within about 1 in. (25 mm) of the bottom andhave a suitable capacity. (A detailed description of drumsampling tube is given in Practice E 300.) Insert the open tubethrough the top bung of an upright drum and lower it to thebottom. With the thumb over the
40、 upper opening, withdraw thetube quickly and transfer the contents into a bottle.10.2.2 Clean and dry the bottles in the same manner as thetank car sampling bottles.11. Unloading and Sampling Barges and Ships11.1 Sample and handle barges and ships in a mannersimilar to top unloading of tank cars and
41、 tank trucks (see8.1.4).11.2 The shipment of benzene by barge is regulated by theU.S. Coast Guard. Barges used for transporting benzene areregulated by 46 CFR Subchapter O, Part 151 as a dangerouscargo.12. Sampling Process Streams12.1 Laboratory Test Samples:12.1.1 Samples may be taken through proce
42、ss samplevalves in clean, dry bottles of appropriate size or in appropriatepressure cylinders if the sample is extracted from a processoperating at elevated pressure. Whether or not a sample loop isused, the sample points must be sufficiently purged immedi-ately prior to sample, to ensure a represen
43、tative sample.Sample systems should meet regulatory requirements.12.1.2 Label sample containers as described in 8.2.2 as soonas possible after being collected and before custody is trans-ferred.12.1.3 Sample containers should be properly designed andsealed to prevent leakage or other forms of sample
44、 integritydegradation.NOTE 4Care should be given to sampling of uninhibited styrene andAMS samples. Amber bottles are recommended for these samples.Uninhibited samples should be quickly inhibited after sampling oranalyzed and disposed of promptly.12.1.4 The physical or chemical properties, or both,
45、that areto be measured (for example, physical phase, pH, dispersion ofgas or particulates, etc.) should not be changed in the samplingsystem unless specifically required by the analysis.12.1.5 Particular care should be taken to avoid samplingwhere there is a possibility of contamination, or where po
46、cketsof non-sample materials may accumulate in the plant stream.12.1.6 Typically a sample tap should be in a run of processpipe approximately 10 pipe diameters from an elbow, valve,orifice, or similar flow disturbing device in order to avoid areasof possible cavitation or physical segregation of the
47、 processstream. The sample connection should be taken at a locationwhere debris does not accumulate. The sample may be takenwith a probe extending into the process pipe approximatelyone-third to one-half of the diameter so as to extract asrepresentative a sample of the process as possible. Care shou
48、ldbe taken such that the probe does not cause a flow disturbancethat may lead to segregation of the sample.12.2 Sampling for On-line Analyzers:12.2.1 A sample circulating system (fast circulating loop)from one point in the process to another point in the process,with sample usually removed via a byp
49、ass filter within theloop, is recommended for on-line analysis of process andproduct streams.12.2.2 The sizing of the sample line to the analyzer shouldbe such that the lag time from the sample tap to the analyzer isconsistent with the dynamics of the process being sampled.Facilities should be provided to indicate and regulate adequateflow in the loop.D343703412.2.3 Where possible fast circulating loops should takeadvantage of pressure differentials in the process, for example,across process pumps (drawing from downstream of the pumpdischarge and returning upstrea
