1、Designation: D 3487 00 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Specification forMineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3487; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers new
3、 mineral insulating oil ofpetroleum origin for use as an insulating and cooling mediumin new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus,such as transformers, regulators, reactors, circuit breakers,switchgear, and attendant equipment.1.2 This specification is intended to define a minera
4、l insu-lating oil that is functionally interchangeable and miscible withexisting oils, is compatible with existing apparatus and withappropriate field maintenance,2and will satisfactorily main-tain its functional characteristics in its application in electricalequipment. This specification applies o
5、nly to new insulating oilas received prior to any processing.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D88 Test Method for Saybolt ViscosityD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscos
6、ity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed AnilinePoint of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon SolventsD 877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Liquids Using Disk ElectrodesD 923 Practices for Sampli
7、ng Electrical Insulating LiquidsD 924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-cal Insulating LiquidsD 971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring MethodD 974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Col
8、or-Indicator TitrationD 1275 Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in ElectricalInsulating OilsD 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (A
9、STM Color Scale)D 1524 Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Elec-trical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the FieldD 1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids byCoulometric Karl Fischer TitrationD 1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Oils of Petroleum Orig
10、in Using VDE ElectrodesD 1903 Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansionof Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, andAskarelsD2112 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of InhibitedMineral Insulating Oil by Pressure VesselD 2300 Test Method for Gassing of Electrical InsulatingLiquids
11、 Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (ModifiedPirelli Method)D 2440 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of MineralInsulating OilD 2668 Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil byInfrared AbsorptionD 2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductiv
12、ity of LiquidsD 2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and Solids1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 onElectrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D27.01 on Mineral.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published
13、September 2006. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D3487 00.2Refer to American National Standard C 57.106. Guide for Acceptance andMaintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment (IEEE Standard 64). Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd
14、St., 4th Floor, NewYork,NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyrig
15、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 3300 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Under Impulse Con-ditionsD 4059 Test Method forAnalysis of Polychlorinated Biphe-nyls in Insulating Liq
16、uids by Gas ChromatographyD 4768 Test Method for Analysis of 2,6-Ditertiary-ButylPara-Cresol and 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Phenol in InsulatingLiquids by Gas ChromatographyD 5837 Test Method for Furanic Compounds in ElectricalInsulating Liquids by High-Performance Liquid Chroma-tography (HPLC)3. Terminol
17、ogy Definitions3.1 Type I Mineral Oilan oil for apparatus where normaloxidation resistance is required. Some oils may require theaddition of a suitable oxidation inhibitor to achieve this.3.2 Type II Mineral Oilan oil for apparatus where greateroxidation resistance is required. This is usually achie
18、ved withthe addition of a suitable oxidation inhibitor.NOTE 1During processing of inhibited mineral oil under vacuum andelevated temperatures, partial loss of inhibitor and volatile portions ofmineral oil may occur. The common inhibitors, 2,6-ditertiary-butylpara-cresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phen
19、ol, are more volatile than trans-former oil. If processing conditions are too severe, oxidation stability ofthe oil may be decreased due to loss of inhibitor. The selectivity forremoval of moisture and air in preference to loss of inhibitor and oil isimproved by use of a low processing temperature.C
20、onditions that have been found satisfactory for most inhibited mineraloil processing are:Minimum PressureTemperature, C Pa Torr, Approximate40 5 0.0450 10 0.07560 20 0.1570 40 0.380 100 0.7590 400 3.0100 1000 7.5If temperatures higher than those recommended for the operatingpressure are used, the oi
21、l should be tested for inhibitor content andinhibitor added as necessary to return inhibitor content to its initial value.Attempts to dry apparatus containing appreciable amounts of free watermay result in a significant loss of inhibitor even at the conditionsrecommended above.3.3 additiveschemical
22、substances that are added to min-eral insulating oil to achieve required functional properties.3.4 propertiesthose properties of the mineral insulatingoil which are required for the design, manufacture, andoperation of the apparatus. These properties are listed inSection 5.4. Sampling and Testing4.1
23、 Take all oil samples in accordance with Test MethodsD 923.4.2 Make each test in accordance with the latest revision ofthe ASTM test method specified in Section 5.4.3 The oil shall meet the requirements of Section 5 at theunloading point.NOTE 2Because of the different needs of the various users, ite
24、msrelating to packaging, labeling, and inspection are considered to be subjectto buyer-seller agreement.NOTE 3In addition to all other tests listed herein, it is soundengineering practice for the apparatus manufacturer to perform anevaluation of new types of insulating oils in insulation systems, pr
25、ototypestructures, or full-scale apparatus, or any combination thereof, to assuresuitable service life.4.4 Make known to the user the generic type and amount ofany additive used, for assessing any potential detrimentalreaction with other materials in contact with the oil.5. Property Requirements5.1
26、Mineral insulating oil conforming to this specificationshall meet the property limits given inTable 1.The significanceof these properties is discussed in Appendix X2.D 3487 00 (2006)2APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN INFORMATIONX1.1 The following values are typical for pre
27、sently usedmineral insulating oils. For oils derived from paraffinic ormixed-base crudes, the apparatus designer needs to know thatthese properties have not changed.Property Typical ValuesASTM TestMethodCoefficient of expansion,/ Cfrom 25 to 100C0.0007 to 0.0008 D 1903Property Typical ValuesASTM Tes
28、tMethodDielectric constant, 25C 2.2 to 2.3 D 924Specific heat, cal/g, 20C 0.44 D 2766Thermal conductivity, cal/cmsC, from 20 to 100C(0.30 to 0.40) 3 103D 2717TABLE 1 Property RequirementsPropertyLimit ASTM TestMethodType I Type IIPhysical:Aniline point, C (6384)A(6384)AD611Color, max 0.5 0.5 D 1500F
29、lash point, min, C 145 145 D92Interfacial tension at 25C, min, dynes/cm 40 40 D 971Pour point, max, C 40B40BD97Relative Density (Specific gravity), 15C/15C max 0.91 0.91 D 1298Viscosity, max, cSt (SUS) at:100C 3.0 (36) 3.0 (36) D 445 or D8840C 12.0 (66) 12.0 (66)0C 76.0 (350) 76.0 (350)Visual examin
30、ation clear and bright clear and bright D 1524Electrical:Dielectric breakdown voltage at 60 Hz:Disk electrodes, min, kV 30 30 D 877VDE electrodes, min, kV 0.040-in. (1.02-mm) gap0.080-in. (2.03-mm) gap20C35C20C35CD 1816Dielectric breakdown voltage, impulse conditions D 330025C, min, kV, needle negat
31、ive to sphere grounded,1-in. (25.4-mm) gap145D145DGassing tendency, max, L/min +30 +30 D 2300Dissipation factor (or power factor), at 60 Hz max, %: D 92425C100C0.050.300.050.30Chemical:EOxidation stability (acid-sludge test) D 244072 h:% sludge, max, by massTotal acid number, max, mg KOH/g0.150.50.1
32、0.3164 h:% sludge, max, by massTotal acid number, max, mg KOH/g0.30.60.20.4Oxidation stability (rotating bomb test), min, minutes 195 D2112Oxidation inhibitor content, max, % by mass 0.08 0.3 D 4768 or D 2668FCorrosive sulfur noncorrosive D 1275Water, max, ppm 35 35 D 1533Neutralization number, tota
33、l acid number, max, mgKOH/g0.03 0.03 D 974PCB content, ppm not detectable not detectable D 4059AThe value shown represents current knowledge.BIt is common practice to specify a lower or higher pour point, depending upon climatic conditions.CThese limits by Test Method D 1816 are applicable only to a
34、s received new oil (see Appendix X2.2.1.2). A new processed oil should have minimum breakdownstrengths of 28 kV and 56 kV for a 0.04 in. (1.02 mm) or 0.08 in. (2.03 mm) gap respectively.DCurrently available oils vary in impulse strength. Some users prefer oil of a 145 kV minimum for certain applicat
35、ions, while others accept oil with impulse strength aslow as 130 kV for other applications.EFuranic compounds, as determined by Test Method D 5837, are useful for assessing the level of cellulose degradation that has occurred in oil impregnated papersystems. Specifying maximum allowable furan levels
36、 in new oils for this purpose should be by agreement between user and supplier.FBoth 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol and 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol have been found to be suitable oxidation inhibitors for use in oils meeting this specification.Preliminary studies indicate both Test Methods D 2668 an
37、d D 4768 are suitable for determining concentration of either inhibitor or their mixture.D 3487 00 (2006)3X2. SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPERTIES OF MINERAL INSULATING OILX2.1 Physical PropertiesX2.1.1 Aniline PointThe aniline point of a mineral insu-lating oil indicates the solvency of the oil for materials
38、 that arein contact with the oil. It may relate to the impulse and gassingcharacteristics of the oil.X2.1.2 ColorA low color number is an essential require-ment for inspection of assembled apparatus in the tank. Anincrease in the color number during service is an indicator ofdeterioration of the min
39、eral insulating oil.X2.1.3 Flash PointThe safe operation of the apparatusrequires an adequately high flash point.X2.1.4 Interfacial TensionA high value for new mineralinsulating oil indicates the absence of undesirable polar con-taminants. This test is frequently applied to service-aged oils asan in
40、dicator of the degree of deterioration.X2.1.5 Pour PointThe pour point of mineral insulatingoil is the lowest temperature at which the oil will just flow andmany of the factors cited under viscosity apply. The pour pointof 40C may be obtained by the use of suitable distillates,refining processes, th
41、e use of appropriate long life additives, orany combination thereof. If a pour point additive is used, it isnecessary to make known the amount and chemical composi-tion.X2.1.6 Relative Density (Specific Gravity)The specificgravity of a mineral insulating oil influences the heat transferrates and may
42、 be pertinent in determining suitability for use inspecific applications. In extremely cold climates, specificgravity has been used to determine whether ice, resulting fromfreezing of water in oil-filled apparatus, will float on the oil andpossibly result in flashover of conductors extending above t
43、heoil level. See, for example, “The Significance of the Density ofTransformer Oils.”4X2.1.7 ViscosityViscosity influences the heat transferand, consequently, the temperature rise of apparatus. At lowtemperatures, the resulting higher viscosity influences thespeed of moving parts, such as those in po
44、wer circuit breakers,switchgear, load tapchanger mechanisms, pumps, and regula-tors. Viscosity controls mineral insulating oil processing con-ditions, such as dehydration, degassification and filtration, andoil impregnation rates. High viscosity may adversely affect thestarting up of apparatus in co
45、ld climates (for example, sparetransformers and replacements).X2.1.8 Visual ExaminationA simple visual inspection ofmineral insulating oil may indicate the absence or presence ofundesirable contaminants. If such contaminants are present,more definitive testing is recommended to assess their effect o
46、nother functional properties.X2.2 Electrical PropertiesX2.2.1 Dielectric Breakdown Voltage, 60 HzThe dielec-tric breakdown voltage of a mineral insulating oil indicates itsability to resist electrical breakdown at power frequencies inelectrical apparatus.X2.2.1.1 Dielectric BreakdownDisk ElectrodesT
47、he testutilizing disk electrodes is useful in assessing the quality of themineral insulating oil as received in tank cars, tank trucks, ordrums. It is not sensitive enough to determine if an oil meetsthe minimum acceptable breakdown strength needed for pro-cessed oil used in some equipment.X2.2.1.2
48、Dielectric BreakdownVDE ElectrodesTheVDE method (Test Method D 1816) is sensitive to contami-nants, such as water, dissolved gases, cellulose fibers, andconductive particles in oil. Processing involves filtering, dehy-dration, and degassing, which generally improve the break-down strength of the oil
49、. As a general guide, the moisture anddissolved gas content by volume in processed oils should beless 15 ppm and 0.5 % respectively. The minimum breakdownstrength for as received oils is typically lower than that ofprocessed oils because of higher levels of contaminants.X2.2.2 Dielectric Breakdown VoltageImpulseThe im-pulse strength of oil is critical in electrical apparatus. Theimpulse breakdown voltage of an oil indicates its ability toresist electrical breakdown under transient voltage stresses(lightning and switching surges
