1、Designation: D3487 161Standard Specification forMineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3487; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEIn X1.1, for Thermal conductivity, W/ was added bef
3、ore (mC) editorially in December 2017.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers unused mineral insulating oilof petroleum origin for use as an insulating and coolingmedium in new and existing power and distribution electricalapparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, circuitbreakers, switchg
4、ear, and attendant equipment.1.2 This specification is intended to define a mineral insu-lating oil that is functionally interchangeable and miscible withexisting oils, is compatible with existing apparatus and withappropriate field maintenance,2and will satisfactorily maintainits functional charact
5、eristics in its application in electricalequipment. This specification applies only to new insulating oilas received prior to any processing.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This international standard was
6、 developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Reference
7、d Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD117 Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specificationsfor Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum OriginD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity
8、of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed AnilinePoint of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon SolventsD923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating LiquidsD924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)and Relat
9、ive Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-cal Insulating LiquidsD971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring MethodD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD1275 Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Insu-lating LiquidsD1298 T
10、est Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D1524 Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Elec-trical Insulating Liquids in the FieldD1533 Test
11、 Method for Water in Insulating Liquids byCoulometric Karl Fischer TitrationD1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Liquids Using VDE ElectrodesD1903 Practice for Determining the Coefficient of ThermalExpansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of PetroleumOrigin, and Askarels
12、D2112 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of InhibitedMineral Insulating Oil by Pressure VesselD2300 Test Method for Gassing of Electrical InsulatingLiquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (ModifiedPirelli Method)1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 onElectrical
13、 Insulating Liquids and Gasesand is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D27.01 on Mineral.Current edition approved June 15, 2016. Published July 2016. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D3487 09.DOI:10.1520/D3487-16E01.2Refer to the Institute of Electrical a
14、nd Electronic Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)C 57.106, Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment.Available from IEEE Operations Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141, USA.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
15、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in acco
16、rdance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D2440 Test Method for Oxidation
17、 Stability of MineralInsulating OilD2668 Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and 2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil by Infra-red AbsorpD2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of LiquidsD2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and SolidsD2864 Terminology Relating t
18、o Electrical Insulating Liq-uids and GasesD3300 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Under Impulse Con-ditionsD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4059 Test Method for Analysis of Polychlorin
19、ated Biphe-nyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas ChromatographyD4768 Test Method for Analysis of 2,6-Ditertiary-ButylPara-Cresol and 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Phenol in InsulatingLiquids by Gas ChromatographyD5837 Test Method for Furanic Compounds in ElectricalInsulating Liquids by High-Performance Liquid Ch
20、roma-tography (HPLC)D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)2.2 IEEE Standard2C57.106 Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulat-ing Oil in Equipment3. Terminology3.1 De
21、finitions:3.1.1 Type I Mineral Oilan oil for apparatus where normaloxidation resistance is required. Some oils may require theaddition of a suitable oxidation inhibitor to achieve this.3.1.2 Type II Mineral Oilan oil for apparatus wheregreater oxidation resistance is required. This is usuallyachieve
22、d with the addition of a suitable oxidation inhibitor.3.1.2.1 DiscussionDuring processing of inhibited mineraloil under vacuum and elevated temperatures, partial loss ofinhibitor and volatile portions of mineral oil may occur. Thecommon inhibitors, 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol (DBPC/BHT) and 2,6
23、-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DPB), are more volatilethan transformer oil. If processing conditions are too severe,oxidation stability of the oil may be decreased due to loss ofinhibitor. The selectivity for removal of moisture and air inpreference to loss of inhibitor and oil is improved by use of alow
24、 processing temperature.Conditions that have been found satisfactory for mostinhibited mineral oil processing are:Minimum PressureTemperature, C Pa Torr, Approximate40 5 0.0450 10 0.07560 20 0.1570 40 0.380 100 0.7590 400 3.0100 1000 7.5If temperatures higher than those recommended for theoperating
25、pressure are used, the oil should be tested forinhibitor content and inhibitor added as necessary to returninhibitor content to its initial value. Attempts to dry appa-ratus containing appreciable amounts of free water mayresult in a significant loss of inhibitor even at the condi-tions recommended
26、above.3.1.3 additiveschemical substances that are added to min-eral insulating oil to achieve required functional properties.3.1.4 propertiesthose properties of the mineral insulatingoil which are required for the design, manufacture, andoperation of the apparatus. These properties are listed inSect
27、ion 5.3.2 Other definitions of terms related to this specificationare given in Terminology D2864.3.3 More information on tests related to this specificationcan be found in Guide D117.4. Sampling and Testing4.1 Take all oil samples in accordance with Practices D923.4.2 Make each test in accordance wi
28、th the latest revision ofthe ASTM test method specified in Section 5.4.3 The oil shall meet the requirements of Section 5 at theunloading point.NOTE 1Because of the different needs of the various users, itemsrelating to packaging, labeling, and inspection are considered to be subjectto supplier and
29、user agreement.NOTE 2In addition to all other tests listed herein, it is soundengineering practice for the apparatus manufacturer to perform anevaluation of new types of insulating oils in insulation systems, prototypestructures, or full-scale apparatus, or any combination thereof, to assuresuitable
30、 service life.4.4 Make known to the user the generic type and amount ofany additive used, for assessing any potential detrimentalreaction with other materials in contact with the oil.5. Property Requirements5.1 Mineral insulating oil conforming to this specificationshall meet the property limits giv
31、en in Table 1.The significanceof these properties is discussed in Appendix X2.D3487 1612TABLE 1 Property RequirementsPropertyLimit ASTM TestMethodType I Type IIPhysical:Aniline point, min, C 63A63AD611Color, max 0.5 0.5 D1500Flash point, min, C 145 145 D92Interfacial tension, min, mN/m 40 40 D971Pou
32、r point, max, C 40B40BD97, D5949,orD5950BRelative Density (Specific gravity), 15C/15C, max 0.91 0.91 D1298 or D4052CViscosity, max, mm2/s at: D445100C 3.0 3.040C 12.0 12.00C 76.0 76.0Visual examination clear and bright clear and bright D1524Electrical:Dielectric breakdown voltage at 60 Hz: D1816VDE
33、electrodes, min, kV 1 mm gap2mmgap20D35D20D35DDielectric breakdown voltage, impulse conditions D3300negative polarity point, min, kV 145 145Gassing tendency, max, L/minute +30 +30 D2300Dissipation factor (or power factor), at 60 Hz, max, %: D92425C100C0.050.300.050.30Chemical:Oxidation stability (ac
34、id-sludge test) D244072 h:sludge, max, % by massTotal acid number, max, mg KOH/g0.150.50.10.3164 h:sludge, max, % by massTotal acid number, max, mg KOH/g0.30.60.20.4Oxidation stability (pressure vessel test), min, minutes 195 D2112Oxidation inhibitor content, max, % by mass 0.08E0.30FD4768 or D2668G
35、Corrosive sulfur noncorrosive noncorrosive D1275Water, max, mg/kg 35 35 D1533Neutralization number, total acid number, max, mgKOH/g0.03 0.03 D974Furanic Compounds, max per compound, g/L 25 25 D5837PCB content, mg/kg not detectable not detectable D4059AThe value shown represents current knowledge.BIn
36、 case of a dispute, D97 shall be used as the referee method.CIn case of a dispute, Test Method D1298 shall be used as the referee method.DThese limits by Test Method D1816 are applicable only to as received new oil (see Appendix X2.2.1.1).EProvisions to purchase totally uninhibited oil shall be agre
37、ed upon between supplier and user.FMinimum requirements of inhibitor for Type II oil shall be agreed upon between supplier and user.GBoth 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol (DBPC/BHT) and 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol (DBP) have been found to be suitable oxidation inhibitors for use in oils meeting thiss
38、pecification. Preliminary studies indicate both Test Methods D2668 and D4768 are suitable for determining concentration of either inhibitor or their mixture.D3487 1613APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN INFORMATIONX1.1 The following values are typical for presently usedminer
39、al insulating oils. For oils derived from paraffinic ormixed-base crudes, the apparatus designer needs to know thatthese properties have not changed.Property Typical Values ASTM TestMethodCoefficient of expansion,/C from 25to 100C0.0007 to 0.0008 D1903Dielectric constant, 25C 2.2 to 2.3 D924Specific
40、 heat, J/(kg C), 20C 1800 D2766Thermal conductivity, W/(mC), from20 to 100C0.13 to 0.17 D2717X2. SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPERTIES OF MINERAL INSULATING OILX2.1 Physical PropertiesX2.1.1 Aniline PointThe aniline point of a mineral insu-lating oil indicates the solvency of the oil for materials that arein c
41、ontact with the oil. It may relate to the impulse and gassingcharacteristics of the oil.X2.1.2 ColorA low color number is an essential require-ment for inspection of assembled apparatus in the tank. Anincrease in the color number during service is an indicator ofdeterioration of the mineral insulati
42、ng oil.X2.1.3 Flash PointThe safe operation of the apparatusrequires an adequately high flash point.X2.1.4 Interfacial TensionA high value for new mineralinsulating oil indicates the absence of undesirable polar con-taminants. This test is frequently applied to service-aged oils asan indicator of th
43、e degree of deterioration.X2.1.5 Pour PointThe pour point of mineral insulating oilis the lowest temperature at which the oil will just flow andmany of the factors cited under viscosity apply. The pour pointof 40C may be obtained by the use of suitable distillates,refining processes, the use of appr
44、opriate long life additives, orany combination thereof. If a pour point additive is used, it isnecessary to make known the amount and chemical composi-tion.X2.1.6 Relative Density (Specific Gravity)The specificgravity of a mineral insulating oil influences the heat transferrates and may be pertinent
45、 in determining suitability for use inspecific applications. In extremely cold climates, specificgravity has been used to determine whether ice, resulting fromfreezing of water in oil-filled apparatus, will float on the oil andpossibly result in flashover of conductors extending above theoil level.
46、See, for example, “The Significance of the Density ofTransformer Oils.”4X2.1.7 ViscosityViscosity influences the heat transfer and,consequently, the temperature rise of apparatus. At lowtemperatures, the resulting higher viscosity influences thespeed of moving parts, such as those in power circuit b
47、reakers,switchgear, load tapchanger mechanisms, pumps, and regula-tors. Viscosity controls mineral insulating oil processingconditions, such as dehydration, degassification and filtration,and oil impregnation rates. High viscosity may adversely affectthe starting up of apparatus in cold climates (fo
48、r example, sparetransformers and replacements).X2.1.8 Visual ExaminationA simple visual inspection ofmineral insulating oil may indicate the absence or presence ofundesirable contaminants. If such contaminants are present,more definitive testing is recommended to assess their effect onother function
49、al properties.X2.2 Electrical PropertiesX2.2.1 Dielectric Breakdown Voltage, 60 HzThe dielec-tric breakdown voltage of a mineral insulating oil indicates itsability to resist electrical breakdown at power frequencies inelectrical apparatus.X2.2.1.1 Dielectric BreakdownVDE ElectrodesTheVDE method (Test Method D1816) is sensitive tocontaminants, such as water, dissolved gases, cellulose fibers,and conductive particles in oil. Processing involves filtering,4Mulhall, V. R., “The Significance of the Density of Transformer Oils, IEEE
