1、Designation: D3527 18Standard Test Method forLife Performance of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3527; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis standard is based on a test rig that was originally designed in the 1960s. Since the standard wasfirst published, there have bee
3、n several attempts to revise the equipment and test procedure to improvethe precision of the test. Since the first publication, there have been many advances in the quality ofthe hardware and automated control systems have superseded manual and analogue controls.Several generations of test rig are s
4、till in commercial use, each potentially having their own issuesrelating to certification and contributing to the overall poor precision of this test. The Subcommitteeresponsible for this standard is aware of these issues, but has been unable to obtain sufficient interestto conduct an ILS program re
5、quired to evaluate possible revisions and establish updated precision andbias data for comparison to the current test.A 2017 ballot to withdraw this standard was unsuccessful and the standard will be re-approved tomeet the needs of users and its inclusion in other industry and military standards, ev
6、en though the hubdesign is obsolete. Work is underway to develop a replacement test that will better representcontemporary bearing designs and offer a selection of test conditions.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure forevaluating the high-temperature life performance of wheel
7、bearing greases when tested under prescribed conditions.NOTE 1Changes to this test method in the 1985 revision increased testseverity. Results will not be comparable with data from earlier procedures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are i
8、ncluded in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionApparatus dimensions in inches are to beregarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, hea
9、lth, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific warning statements, see 8.1 8.4.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decisio
10、n on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AFBMA Standard:AFBMA Standard 19, 1974 (ANSI B. 3.19-1975)23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 lubri
11、cant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.3.1.2 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the
12、 liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties.3.1.3 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely-divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.3.1 Discussi
13、onThe solid thickener can be fibers (suchas various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, onlyvery slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetrole
14、um Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.G0.05 on Functional Tests - Temperature.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approvedin 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D3527 15. DOI: 10.1520/D3527-18.2Ava
15、ilable from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United State
16、sThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trad
17、e (TBT) Committee.1requirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable,gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, na lubricatinggrease
18、specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheelbearings at relatively high grease temperatures and bearingspeeds.3.2.2 grease life, nof wheel bearing grease, amount oftime operated under prescribed conditions of load, speed, andtemperature until preset torque limit is exceeded.3.2.2.1 Discussi
19、onThe off-time, which is part of the 20 hand 4 h off-cycle, is not recorded and is not included as part ofgrease life.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test grease is distributed in the bearings of amodified, automobile front wheel hub-spindle-bearings assem-bly. While the bearings are thrust-loaded
20、to approximately111 N, the hub is rotated at 1000 r min and the spindletemperature maintained at 160 C for 20 h, 4 h off operatingcycle. The test is terminated when grease deterioration causesthe drive motor torque to exceed a calculated motor cut offvalue. Grease life is expressed as the accumulate
21、d on-cyclehours.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearinggreases having distinctly different high-temperature character-istics. It is not the equivalent of longtime service tests, nor is itintended to distinguish between the products having similarhigh-temperatur
22、e performance properties.5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screeninggreases with respect to life performance for automotive wheelbearing applications.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Assembly (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).6.1.1 Custom-made Wheel Hub-Spindle-Bearing Assembly(Fig. 3).6.1.2 Oven, electric
23、ally heated by a 1200 watt heater,thermostatically controlled to maintain spindle temperature at160 C 6 1.5 C.6.1.3 Spindle Drive Motor,14 hp, 120 volts dc with1725 r min speed control the hub; motor torque is indicated bya meter equipped with an adjustable, automatic cut-off.6.1.4 Fan Drive Motor,1
24、30 hp, 120 v dc, 1550 r min.6.2 Motor speed, oven temperature, spindle temperature,time cycles and torque are controlled or monitored, or both, byaccessory equipment.6.3 Balance having a minimum capacity of 100 g andminimum sensitivity of 0.1 g.7. Test Bearings7.1 Use LM67048-LM67010 and LM11949-LM1
25、1910 (AF-BMA Standard 19) inboard and outboard bearings, respec-tively.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 n-Heptanereagent grade minimum purity(WarningFlammable. Harmful if inhaled.)8.2 Isopropyl Alcoholreagent grade minimum purity(WarningFlammable.)8.3 Penmul L460 (previously called Penetone ECS)3(Warnin
26、gCombustible. Vapors can be harmful.)3The sole source of supply of Penmul L460 (previously called Penetone ECS)known to the committee at this time is Penetone Corp., 74 Hudson Ave., Tenafly, NJ07670. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Head
27、quarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.NOTE 1Caution should be taken when modifying older units since some may still contain asbestos insulation leading to a possible inhalation hazard.FIG. 1 Wheel Bearing
28、 Lubricant Tester (Elevation View)D3527 1828.4 Mineral Spirits, Reagent Grade(WarningCombustible. Vapors may be harmful.)8.5 SAE 10W Engine Oil.8.6 00 Grade Steel Wool.9. Preparation of Bearings9.1 Carefully remove new bearings (cups and cones) fromtheir packages and place in a suitable clean contai
29、ner. Washwith n-Heptane to remove all rust preventative.9.2 Repeat washing with n-Heptane two additional times tobe certain all rust preventative has been removed. Use a cleanbeaker each time.9.3 Drain n-Heptane from the bearings and set them on aclean, lint-free cloth or towel to air dry.NOTE 2Clea
30、ning may be facilitated by the use of a sonic cleaner.10. Procedure10.1 Prior to each test, check the freedom of movement ofthe thrust loading shaft (Fig. 3) in the spindle. If binding isnoted, remove and clean both shaft and spindle bore.10.2 Install the new cups in the cleaned hub in the locations
31、hown in Figs. 1 and 2.10.3 Weigh an inboard and outboard bearing cone to thenearest 0.1 g. Fill the cones with test grease using an extra setFIG. 2 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Tester (Top View)FIG. 3 Spindle and Thrust Rod ComponentsD3527 183of cups and the grease packer shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Use care
32、to avoid moving the rollers or bearing components whileremoving the cones from the cups and in all subsequent wipingand handling steps. Strike off excess grease flush with the frontface of the cone (near small end of rollers) using a smallspatula. Wipe all grease from cone bore, cone back face,exter
33、ior cage surfaces, and exposed roller surfaces with a clean,lint-free cloth or towel and reweigh. Adjust the grease weightin the inboard cone to 3.0 g 6 0.1 g and in the outboard coneto 2.0 g 6 0.1 g by wiping or adding grease to the groovebetween the cage and the cone back face. Apply a thin film o
34、fgrease on the cups.10.4 Install the leakage collector, inboard cone, hub, andoutboard cone on the spindle (Fig. 2). Lock the components inplace with the end cap and screw. Install the spindle connector.10.5 Referring to Fig. 3, adjust the thrust load as follows:tighten the compression nut G until t
35、he spring F is seatedagainst the back plate E, but not compressed. Bring the lock nutH up to the compression nut G. Without moving H, compressF by tightening G until the compression gage J will fit betweenH and G. Hold J in position and back off G until J is held firmlybetween H and G.NOTE 3Compress
36、ion gage J has been machined such that insertionand adjustment of G causes spring F to compress and apply approximately111 N (25 lbf) of axial loading on the wheel bearings. It is the understand-ing of Subcommittee G that the intent of the axial load is to ensure that thebearing is properly aligned
37、on the spindle and remains so through theduration of the test.Evaluation of a limited selection of these parts indicates the potentialfor significant variations in axial load when the instructions in 10.5 arefollowed. Since it was first published, this test method has not requiredcalibration of the
38、compression nut, spring, and gauge. So it seems that itis not critical to achieve an axial load of 111 N within an unspecifiedtolerance. Therefore there is no requirement to calibrate the test parts or toconfirm the loading achieved.10.6 Insert the thermocouple in the spindle thrust rod andposition
39、the junction at the center of the outboard bearingposition. Close the cabinet and position the motor to operatinglocation. (WarningDo not engage the drive at this point.Start the motor and adjust the speed to 1000 6 50 r/min.At thispoint observe and record the unloaded motor current N.)10.7 Turn off
40、 the motor, engage the drive coupling and lockin position. Set the timer to begin a 20 h cycle. Restart themotor and again adjust the speed to 1000 r min 6 50 r min.Turn on the heaters and adjust the oven temperature tomaintain the spindle temperature at 160 C 6 1.5 C (320 F 62.7 F). When the spindl
41、e temperature has stabilized at the testtemperature, make no further adjustment of the oven tempera-ture for the duration of the test.10.8 Asteady-state running torque will develop in the first 2h of operation as indicated by a stabilized value on the meter.Record this value as steady-state current
42、T. Determine themotor cutoff value as follows:C 5 8T 2 N!1N (1)where:C = motor cut-off value, amps,T = steady-state current, amps, andN = unloaded motor current, amps.Set the automatic torque cutoff of motor to value of C.10.9 Permit the apparatus to operate under the prescribedconditions of load, s
43、peed, and temperature until the presettorque limit is exceeded at which point the test will beterminated automatically. Record the time the unit shuts down.NOTE 4The motor is protected by a 30 s time delay.NOTE 5The 30 s delay described in Note 4 has been interpreted bysome users as a set requiremen
44、t of the test method, when it was originallyFIG. 4 Bearing PackerFIG. 5 Bearing PackerD3527 184intended only for information purposes about the protection of the electricmotor from prolonged exposure to high current (torque) levels. Workconducted by the D02.G0.05 Task Force indicates that test preci
45、sion maybe improved by increasing this delay time to 90 s without significantlyaffecting test severity or increasing the risk of motor burn-out. However,the effect of this change has not been evaluated according to ASTMrequirements for development of test precision. Additionally, the TaskForce found
46、 that the cyclic nature of running torque means that the cut-offtorque value (and test severity) may be dependent on the sampling timeused to establish this parameter and taking the average value of severalreadings may be useful.10.10 Allow the tester to cool to a safe handling temperatureand disass
47、emble. If the tester is disassembled hot, use insulatedgloves.11. Parts Cleanup11.1 With a suitable spatula, remove as much grease aspossible from the grease collector, end cap, and spindleconnector.11.2 Place the parts in a suitable clean container (preferablystainless steel) and cover with Penmul
48、L460 (WarningSee8.3). Install a loosely fitting cover and heat gently (70 C 610 C) until the parts are clean (several hours). Avoid pro-longed (overnight) heating as parts corrosion can occur.11.3 Remove the parts from the solvent and wash with hotrunning water. Rinse immediately with isopropyl alco
49、hol(WarningSee 8.2). Air dry. If the parts will not be usedimmediately, apply a film of SAE 10W engine oil.11.4 Use a suitable spatula to scrape grease off of thespindle. Remove the remaining deposits from the spindle using00 grade steel wool and mineral spirits (WarningSee 8.4). Ifstrongly adherent deposits resist this treatment, remove thespindle and clean in hot Penmul L460.12. Report12.1 Report the hours to failure.13. Precision and Bias413.1 The precision of this test method was determined bystatistical examination of interlabor
