1、Designation: D 3704 96 (Reapproved 2006)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forWear Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greases Usingthe (Falex) Block on Ring Test Machine in OscillatingMotion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3704; the number immediately following
2、 the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method cov
3、ers the determination of wearproperties of lubricating greases by means of the Falexblock-on-ring friction and wear test machine.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard except where equipment is supplied using inch-poundunits and would then be regarded as standard. The metric
4、equivalents of inch-pound units given in such cases in the bodyof the standard may be approximate.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health
5、 practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGrease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale ConeEquipmentD 2714 Test Method for Calibration and Operation of theFalex Bl
6、ock-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing MachineG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 coeffcient of friction, or f, nin tribology, thedimensionless ratio of the friction force (F) between twobodies to the normal force (N) pressing these two bodiestogether. or 5
7、 F/N! (1)3.1.1.1 DiscussionA distinction is often made betweenstatic coeffcient of friction and kinetic coeffcient of friction.G403.1.2 friction force, nthe resisting force tangential to theinterface between two bodies when, under the action of anexternal force, one body moves or tends to move relat
8、ive to theother. G403.1.3 kinetic coeffcient of friction, nthe coefficient offriction under conditions of macroscopic relative motion be-tween two bodies. G403.1.4 wear, ndamage to a solid surface, generally involv-ing progressive loss of material, due to relative motion betweenthat surface and a co
9、ntacting substance or substances. G404. Summary of Test Method4.1 The tester is operated with a steel test ring oscillatingagainst a steel test block. Test speed, load, angle of oscillation,time and specimen surface finish and hardness can be varied tosimulate field conditions.4.2 The width of the w
10、ear scar, developed on the test blockfrom contact with the oscillating test ring, is measured.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to differentiate between greaseshaving high, medium, and low wear preventive propertiesusing oscillating motion. The user of this method shoulddetermine t
11、o his own satisfaction whether results of this testprocedure correlate with field performance or other bench testmachines.6. Apparatus6.1 Falex Block-on-Ring Test Machine with FrictionRecorder,3described in detail in Annex A1 and illustrated inFig. 1.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of AS
12、TM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.L0 on Industrial Lubricants.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 3704 96 (2001).2For referenced AS
13、TM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
14、is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.1Copyright A
15、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2 Falex Oscillating Drive Accessory,3described in detailin A1.6 and illustrated in Fig. 2.6.3 Microscope, low-power (503 to 603) having sufficientclearance under objective to accommodate the test
16、 block. Itshould be fitted with a filar micrometer so that scar width maybe measured with accuracy of 60.01 mm.6.4 Timer, graduated in minutes and seconds.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Test Rings, Falex Type S-10 or S-253SAE 4620carburize steel, having a hardness of 58 to 63 HRC. The testring has a w
17、idth of 8.15 mm (0.321 in.), a diameter of 35 mm(1.3775 in.), and a maximum radial run out of 0.013 mm(0.0005 in.). The surface roughness of the S-10 ring shall be0.15 to 0.30 m (6 to 12 in.) rms. The surface roughness of theS-25 ring shall be 0.51 to 0.71 m (22 to 28 in.) rms.7.2 Test Blocks, Falex
18、 Type H-30 or H-603SAE 01 toolsteel having two ground test surfaces of 0.10 to 0.20 m (4 to8 in.) rms. The test block has a width 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) anda 15.76 mm (0.620 in.) length. The H-30 test block has ahardness of HRC 27 to 33. The H-60 test block has a hardnessof HRC 58 to 63.7.3 Solvent, no
19、n-film forming, nonchlorinated.FIG. 1 Falex Block on Ring Test MachineFIG. 1 Falex Ring and Block Test Machine (continued)D 3704 96 (2006)2NOTE 1Solvents formerly used in this test method were eliminateddue to possible toxic effects. Each user should select a solvent that canmeet his applicable safe
20、ty standards and still thoroughly clean the machineparts.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 Run Test Method D 2714 calibration procedure to en-sure good mechanical operation of test equipment.49. Procedure9.1 Before each test, clean the apparatus with appropriatesolvent chosen in 7.3 and blow dry
21、.9.2 Select a new test ring and block, wash with solvent, anddry with clean soft cloth or paper.9.3 The grease sample should be worked 60 strokes, one-half scale or one-quarter scale (Test Methods D 1403), prior tostarting runs. One working per running day is sufficient. Forthose who may not have sm
22、all workers, working briefly with aspatula is sufficient.9.4 Adjust the amplitude of oscillation for the desired arc.9.5 Lubricate the quarter segment (or the ball seat) of thespecimen holder with the grease to be tested.9.6 With no weights on the bale rod, apply a thin film of thetest grease to the
23、 surface of a clean test block and mount thetest block in the quarter segment (or ball seat) and position bothsecurely in the specimen holder. On models with the ball seat,tighten the set screws so that the block is held lightly. Apply athin film of the test grease along the test surface of the ring
24、, andslip it on over the test shaft, taking care that grease does not geton the seat and the test surfaces are not scratched. Alterna-tively, the ungreased ring may be slipped on and tighteneddown and grease carefully applied to the ring surface with asmall, thin spatula. Screw on the lock washer an
25、d locknut, andtighten with a torque wrench to 250 in.lb (28.25 Nm). Applyadditional test grease to the area of the test block, especially thearea that overlaps the ring on both sides of the block. (Totalgrease is 1 to 2 g.)9.7 The block should be seated squarely on the ring;otherwise, a wedge-shaped
26、 scar will result. One way toaccomplish this is to loosen the block in the holder, apply a 3-lb(1.3-kg) load on the bale rod and rotate the ring by hand backand forth a few times. This also serves to distribute the greasebetween block and ring. The block is then tightened securelyfor running. If gre
27、ase has pulled away from the block duringthe above operation, it should be reapplied as described in 9.6.9.8 Place the desired weights on the bale rod keeping inmind the standard machine is built with a 10:1 ratio lever.Make sure the two load lever reference markers are aligned. Ifso equipped, posit
28、ion the friction force cutoff level at 40 lb(18.14 kg).9.9 Starting at zero, bring the speed up rapidly to thepredetermined setting necessary to give the desired speed.Measure time as soon as oscillation begins.9.10 Run for desired time. Disassemble and wipe off theblock and ring. Using the required
29、 microscope, measure thescar width on the test block in the center and 1 mm away fromeach edge to the nearest 0.01 mm. Report the average of thesethree measurements.9.11 Report any unusual observation or an automatic fric-tion cutoff. If a machine malfunctions or a test block has awedge shaped scar,
30、 the test should be rerun.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method is notknown to have been obtained in accordance with currentlyaccepted guidelines (that is, in accordance with Committee4Consult instruction manual for proper operation.FIG. 2 Falex Oscillating Drive Asse
31、mblyD 3704 96 (2006)3D02 Research Report RR: D02-1007, “Manual on DeterminingPrecision Data for ASTM Methods on Petroleum Products andLubricants”).10.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successiveresults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on
32、identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method exceed the following values only in one case intwenty.23 % of the mean10.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in differ
33、ent laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, exceed the following values only in one case intwenty.39 % of the meanNOTE 2The precision data were obtained from tests by nine labora-tories using five different greases. Four greases used lithium hydroxys-tearate as a thickener; on
34、e used a calcium complex soap system. Onegrease contained no extreme pressure additive. The other four greasescontained leaded, sulfur-phosphorus, MoS2, or calcium complex, respec-tively, as extreme pressure systems.10.2 The test conditions used to develop the precision datawere:10.2.1 Time: 5000 cy
35、cles (57.14 min),10.2.2 Angle of Oscillation: 90,10.2.3 Test Ring: Type S-10,10.2.4 Test Block: Type H-30,10.2.5 Test Speed: 8712 cycles per minute, and10.2.6 Test Loads on Specimen: 360 lb (163 kg), 480 lb (218kg), 630 lb (286 kg).NOTE 3Supporting information and data for this method was pre-sented
36、 in a research report by G. M. Stanton to the National LubricatingGrease Institute, October 1977 and published in the August 1978 NLGISpokesman. Copies of this report “Wear Testing of Greases with the FalexI Ring and Block Friction and Wear Test Machine” are available uponrequest from NLGI.10.3 Bias
37、The procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of wear can be defined only in terms of a testmethod.ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. DESCRIPTION OF THE FALEX RING AND BLOCK FRICTION AND WEAR TESTING MACHINEA1.1 A stationary rectangular test block bears under apredetermined load, maxim
38、um 286 kg (630 lb), against arotating (or oscillating) ring (Fig. A1.1). Test specimen pres-sures (average Hertz pressures) in the line contact area betweenthe rectangular specimen and the rotating ring may range up toa maximum of 760 MPa (110 000 MPa).A1.2 In rotational motion, friction can be indi
39、catedthroughout the test by hydraulic force gauge. A load celltransducer and a recorder or digital meter, or both are used toobtain friction readings under oscillating motion. A counterrecords the number of revolutions or cycles of the test ring.One criterion of failure is when the friction reaches
40、a prese-lected maximum. For this purpose a control on the frictionindicator or recorder can be set for any preselected value offriction and the machine will automatically shut off uponreaching it.A1.3 In an alternative method, a thermocouple is imbeddedin the test block and a temperature recorder co
41、ntroller (notstandard equipment) terminates the test when the temperatureof the test block reaches a previously set value.A1.4 The test block, which is held stationary against therotating or oscillating ring, is restrained from horizontalmovement by a holder. The design of this specimen holderallows
42、 the test block to align itself in a manner prescribed byASTM specifications for compression loaded specimens. Thismaintains uniform loading throughout the area of contactbetween the specimens regardless of the force existing betweenthem.A1.5 The normal force between the test specimens isproduced by
43、 suspending dead weights from the lower end of acompound lever system which is designed in such a way as toallow the full value of the friction force to be transmitted to thefrictional load pick-up device.A1.6 Oscillating drive accessory converts rotary motion tooscillatory motion. Adjustable stroke 0 to 90. MaximumFIG. A1.1 Schematic Drawing of Ring or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 3704 96 (2006)5
