1、Designation: D 3953 07aStandard Specification forStrapping, Flat Steel and Seals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3953; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers flat steel strapping and sealsintended f
3、or use in closing, reinforcing, bundling articles forshipment, unitizing, palletizing, and bracing for carloading,truckloading, lifting, and lashing.1.2 This specification includes strapping and seals madefrom carbon steel and applies only to the types and sizes ascataloged by strapping suppliers to
4、 be a standard, commer-cially available product. It does not include “specialty”-typestrapping as developed for special applications or strappingproduced from alloy metals.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat applies only to
5、thetest method portion, Sections 11, 12, and 13, of this specifica-tion: This standard does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the ap
6、plicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 90/A 90M Test Method for Weight Mass of Coating onIron and Steel Articles with Zinc or Zinc-Alloy CoatingsA 109/A 109M Specification for Steel, Strip, Carbon (0.25Maximum Percent), Cold-RolledA 239 Practic
7、e for Locating the Thinnest Spot in a Zinc(Galvanized) Coating on Iron or Steel Articles,B 504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Me-tallic Coatings by the Coulometric MethodD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingD 4332 Practice
8、for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 4675 Guide for Selection and Use of Flat StrappingMaterialsD 6039/D 6039M Specification for Crates, Wood, Open andCoveredD 6880 Specification for Wood BoxesE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Me
9、thodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 Military Standard:3MIL-STD-105 Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspec-tion by Attributes2.3 AAR Rules:4AAR Open Top Loading Rules Manual, Section No. 1,General Rules for Loading All Commoditi
10、es, Part 2, Rule17 and Section No. 7, Rules for Loading All Commoditieson Open Top Trailers and Containers for Rail Transport,Part 2, Rule 1173. Terminology3.1 General definitions for packaging and distribution envi-ronments are found in Terminology D 996.4. Strapping Classifications4.1 Strapping sh
11、all be of the following types, finish andsizes:Type 1, Flat Strapping: Power Machine and Hand Applica-tion:Regular-dutyRegular-duty high-strengthHeavy-dutyUSLM (Unit Strap Lifting Method) (See Note 1.)NOTE 1For USLM applications, refer to manufacturers standardpractice.Type 2: Nail-On4.1.1 Strapping
12、 Finish, Lubricated or Dry (see 8.3):1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizingand Unitizing of Loads.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1983.
13、 Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 3953 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Availab
14、le from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4Available from the Association of American Railroads (AAR), Safety andOperations, 50 F St., NW, Washington, DC 200011564.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
15、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.1.1 Finish AOrganic (Pigmented or UnpigmentedPaint)4.1.1.2 Finish BGalvanized (Hot Dipped or Electro-Deposit Galvanized) (see 8.10):Grade 1Heavy CoatingGrade 2Moderate CoatingGrade 3Commercial Coating4.1.1.3 Finish COrganic Painted Meta
16、llic Filled (Alumi-num or Zinc)4.1.1.4 Finish DUncoated4.1.2 Strapping Sizes Strapping shall have the widths andthicknesses in accordance with sizes shown in Table 1, Table 2,Table 3, and Table 4.5. Seal Classifications5.1 Seals shall be of the following classes, finishes, types,and styles:5.1.1 Sea
17、l Classes:RRegular dutyHHeavy duty5.1.2 Seal Finishes:Finish AOrganic (painted)Finish BGalvanized (hot dipped or electro-deposit galva-nized)Grade 1Heavy coatingGrade 2Moderate coatingGrade 3Manufacturers standard commercial practiceFinish COrganic Painted Metallic Filled (Aluminum orZinc)Finish DUn
18、coated5.1.3 Seal Styles:ISnap-on or openIIThread-on or closedIIIPush-type or overlapIVMagazine-feedVIntersectional or cross-tie5.2 Seal SizesSeals shall have widths in accordance withstrapping width shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table4.6. Ordering Information6.1 The inquiry and order shall
19、 indicate the following:6.1.1 Strapping type, duty, finish, grade, lubrication (whenapplicable), dimension required, and quantity of each size (seeSection 4).6.1.2 Coil of strapping dimensions, weight and feet perpound, oscillated, ribbon wound, or cut-to-length (see Section9, Table 5 and Table 6, a
20、nd Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).6.1.3 Seals (see Section 5) class, finish, grade (when appli-cable), type, style, and quantity by width (or nomenclature).6.1.4 Make or model of strapping equipment that thestrapping and seals must work in, if applicable.6.1.5 Title, designation, and date of this specification.
21、6.1.6 For Department of Defense, indicate selection ofpreservation, packing, marking, and palletization, if applicable(see Section 16).6.2 Sizes or physical properties, or both, other than thosecovered by this specification shall be as specified in thecontract or order.7. Materials and Manufacture7.
22、1 Materials shall be cold-rolled carbon steel of the qualitynormally used for this purpose in commercial practice, and thephysical mechanical property requirements, as determined bytests, shall be within the allowable limits.7.1.1 Type 1 Regular-Duty StrappingRegular-duty strap-ping in Table 1 shall
23、 be low-carbon cold-rolled steel (see6.1.1).7.1.2 Type 1 Regular-Duty High-Strength StrappingRegular-duty high strength strapping in Table 2 shall be low tomedium carbon cold-rolled steel.7.1.3 Type 1 Heavy-Duty StrappingHeavy-duty strappingin Table 3 shall be cold-rolled, high carbon, or medium car
24、bonhigh-manganese steel which has been fully heat-treated; forexample, austenitized and quenched.7.1.4 Type I USLM StrappingUSLM strapping in Table 4shall be cold-rolled, high-carbon steel that has been fullyheat-treated, austenized, and quenched.7.1.5 Type 2 Nail-On StrappingUnless otherwise speci-
25、fied, Type 2 nail-on strapping shall be strapping made fromType 1 regular-duty, regular-duty high-strength or Type 1heavy-duty strapping, available in sizes58 in. (15.87 mm) inwidth or greater with punched nail holes. Hole diameters andhole spacing can vary depending upon strap size and duty,which s
26、hall be in accordance with manufacturers standardpractice. However, nail holes shall be spaced at intervals nomore than 3 in. (76 mm) apart.7.1.6 Seals for Type 1 StrappingUnless otherwise speci-fied, seals for Type 1 strapping shall be made of steel inaccordance with the manufacturers commercial pr
27、actice.TABLE 1 Type 1 Regular-Duty Strapping Widths, Thickness, and Breaking StrengthsWidth, in.(mm)0.015 (0.38) 0.018 (0.46) 0.020 (0.51) 0.023 (0.58) 0.028 (0.71) 0.035 (0.89)38 450 540 600 690 . .(9.52) (2000) (2400) (2670) (3070)12 600 720 800 920 . .(12.70) (2670) (3200) (3560) (4090)58 750 900
28、 1000 1150 . .(15.87) (3335) (4000) (4450) (5115)34 900 . 1200 1380 1680 2100(19.05) (4000) (5340) (6140) (7470) (9340)D 3953 07a28. Physical and Mechanical Properties8.1 Breaking Strength and Elongation, Type 1 Regular-Duty, Regular-Duty High-Strength, Heavy-Duty, and USLMStrapping:8.1.1 Breaking S
29、trengthThe breaking strength of thestrapping shall be as shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, andTable 4 when tested as specified in 13.3.8.1.2 ElongationThe elongation in 6 in. (152 mm) forType 1 strapping, when tested as specified in 13.4, shall be asfollows:Regular-duty (see 7.1.1) 0.5 to 4.0 %Reg
30、ular-duty high-strength (see 7.1.2) 0.5 to 8.0 %Heavy-duty (see 7.1.3)Thickness less than 0.031 in. (0.79 mm) 5.0 to 12 %Thickness 0.031 in. (0.79 mm) and greater 6.5 to 12 %USLM Strapping (see 7.1.4) 6.0 to 12 %8.2 Tolerances, Type 1 Strapping, WidthsThe widths ofthe strapping shall not vary from t
31、hat shown in Table 1, Table2, and Table 3 by more than 60.005 in. (0.13 mm) for allcold-rolled strapping.8.2.1 Type 1 Strapping, ThicknessThe thickness of strap-ping sizes listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 shall not varyfrom nominal thickness by more than +0.002 in. (0.05 mm),0.002 (0.05 mm) t
32、hickness, thickness of strapping sizes listedin Table 4 (USLM strapping) shall not vary by more than+0.004 in. (0.10 mm) and 0.000 in. (0.00 mm).8.3 Lubrication Unless otherwise specified, Type 1 strap-ping shall have a coating of wax or wax-like lubricant appliedto the surfaces that will render the
33、 strapping suitable forapplication with tension tools of the feed wheel (friction) type(see 4.1.2 and 6.1.4). The lubrication of the strapping isintended to facilitate the use of strapping tools in which the twobands of the strapping are held in contact with each other underpressure by frictional gr
34、ips, and sliding of the faces of thestrapping is necessary during the tensioning operation. Test inaccordance with 13.9.8.4 Type 1 Strapping, CoilsEach coil shall consist of onecontinuous piece of strapping. Coils with lengths of strappingwelded together shall be considered as one-piece coil.8.4.1 D
35、imensional Requirements at the WeldThe thick-ness at the weld shall be no more than one and one half thethickness of the strap. The width of strapping at the weld shallbe subject to the same dimensional requirements as theremainder of the strapping and must be straight with no offsetsor angular alig
36、nment Metal splattering or extruded pointscausing increased thickness are not permissible. Only machinewelds shall be acceptable.TABLE 2 Type 1 Regular Duty High-Strength Strapping Widths, Thickness and Break StrengthsWidth, in.(mm)Thickness, in. (mm)0.016 (0.41) 0.017 (0.43) 0.018 (0.46) 0.020 (0.5
37、1) 0.023 (0.58) 0.025 (0.64) 0.031 (0.79) 0.035 (0.89)Breaking Strength, min, lbf (N)38 . 640 . 750 . . . .(9.52) (2849) (3366)12 800 850 900 1000 1150 . . .(12.70) (3559) (3781) (4003) (4448) (5115)58 1000 1050 1125 1250 1440 . . .(15.87) (4448) (4671) (5004) (5560) (6405)34 1200 1275 1350 1500 172
38、5 1875 2325 .(19.05) (5339) (5671) (6005) (6672) (7673) (8340) (10342)114 . . . . . 3125 3875 4375(31.75) (13901) (17237) (19461)TABLE 3 Type 1 Heavy-Duty Strapping Widths, Thickness, and Breaking StrengthsWidth,in. (mm)Thickness, in. (mm)0.020 (0.51) 0.022 (0.56) 0.023 (0.58) 0.025 (0.64) 0.028 (0.
39、71) 0.029 (0.75) 0.031 (0.79) 0.035 (0.89) 0.044 (1.12) 0.050 (1.27)Breaking Strength, min, lbf (N)12 1 280 . 1 470 . . . 1 950 . . .(12.70) (5 690) (6 540) (8 675)58 1 600 . 1 840 . . . . . . .(15.87) (7 120) (8 185)34 2 000 2 280 2 280 2 280 2 280 2 850 2 850 2 850 4 050(19.05) (8 896) (10 140) (1
40、0140) (10 140) (10 140) (12 675) (12 675) (12 675) (18 015)1 . . . . 3 700 3 700 . . . .(25.4) (16 455) (16 455)114 3 200 . . 3 680 . 4 750 4 750 4 750A6 750 6 750(31.75) (14 240) (16 370) (21 130) (21 130) (21 130) (30 025) (30 025)2 . . . . . . . . 10 600 10 600(50.80) (47 150) (47 150)AHeavy-duty
41、, or heavy-duty/high elongation.TABLE 4 Type 1 Extra-Heavy-Duty (USLM) Strapping Widths,Thickness, Breaking Strengths, and Minimum Seal JointStrengthsWidth,in. (mm)Thickness,in. (mm)Min. BreakStrength, lb (N)Min. Seal JointStrength, lb (N)114 (31.75) 0.044 (1.12) 8500 (37 800) 7650 (34 000)114 (31.7
42、5) 0.050 (1.27) 9700 (43 150) 8730 (38 800)114 (31.75) 0.057 (1.45) 11 000 (48 430) 9900 (44 000)D 3953 07a38.4.2 Weld EffciencyStrength of manufacturers processwelded joints in coils of strapping shall have a joint efficiencyof not less than 75 % based on the breaking strength shown inTable 1, Tabl
43、e 2, and Table 3 when tested as specified in 13.6.USLM strapping must not contain production welds.8.5 Identification MarkingEach coil of AAR approvedType 1 heavy-duty,12-in. (12.7-mm) wide by 0.020 in. (0.51mm) in thickness and greater strapping shall be marked inaccordance with the Association of
44、American Railroads Gen-eral Rule 17 and Rule 117. Each coil of USLM strapping shallTABLE 5 Number of Feet Per Pound (Metres per Kilogram) of Type 1 StrappingANOTE 1Number of feet per pound (metres per kilogram) is based on nominal dimensions and will vary slightly with the width and thickness of the
45、strapping within the tolerances as described in 8.2.Width, in.(mm)Thickness, in. (mm)0.010 0.012 0.015 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.023 0.025 0.028 0.029 0.031 0.035 0.044 0.050(0.25) (0.311) (0.38) (0.46) (0.51) (0.56) (0.58) (0.64) (0.71) (0.75) (0.79) (0.89) (1.12) (1.27)Length per Unit Mass, ft/lb (m/kg)
46、, approximate38 78.5 65.4 52.4 43.6 39.3 34.1(9.52) (52.7) (43.9) (35.2) (29.3) (26.4) (22.9)12 58.9 49.1 39.3 32.7 29.4 25.6 19.0(12.70) (39.6) (33.0) (26.4) (22.0) (19.7) (17.2) (12.7)58 47.1 39.3 31.4 26.2 23.6 20.5(15.87) (31.6) (26.4) (21.1) (17.6) (15.8) (13.7)34 26.2 19.6 17.8 17.1 15.7 14.0
47、13.5 12.7 11.2(19.05) (17.6) (13.1) (11.9) (11.5) (10.5) (9.4) (8.95) (8.5) (7.5)1 10.1 9.5(25.4) (6.7) (6.3)114 11.8 9.4 8.1 7.6 6.6 5.3 4.7(31.75) (7.9) (6.3) (5.5) (5.1) (4.4) (3.5) (3.1)2 3.3 2.9(50.80) (2.2) (1.9)ACommercial tolerances apply.TABLE 6 Size of Coils and PackageType CoilsSize of St
48、rapping,in. (mm)Inside Diameter,in (mm)(CommercialTolerance)OutsideDiameter,max,in. (mm)Coils PerPackage,maxCoil FaceWidthCoilWeightOscillated38 by 0.015(9.52 by 0.38)through 16 (406) 2312 (597) 134 by 0.035(19.05 by 0.89)Ribbon34 by 0.022(19.05 by 0.56)through 16 (406) 27 (686) 134 by 0.035(19.05 b
49、y 0.89)Ribbon 1 by 0.029(25.4 by 0.75)through 16 (406) 27 (686) 11by0.031(25.4 by 0.79)114 by 0.020(31.75 by 0.51)through 16 (406) 27 (686) 1114 by 0.057(31.75 by 1.45)2by0.044(50.80 by 1.12)through 16 (406) 2578 (657) 12by0.050(50.80 by 1.27)Jumbos38 by 0.015 (9.52 by0.38)16 (406) inaccordancewith1 3 in. to 16in.350 lb. to4000 lb.through manufacturers114 by 0.044 (31.75by 1.12)commercialpracticeD 3953 07a4be marked in repeating intervals of 18 in. (457 mm) to 40 in.(1016 mm) with identifying circ
