1、Designation: D4006 11Designation: Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 10.2Designation: IP 358/97Standard Test Method forWater in Crude Oil by Distillation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4006; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、ear oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Depart
3、ment of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of water incrude oil by distillation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety conce
4、rns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see 6.1 and A1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
5、tandards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oilsby the Extraction MethodD665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics ofInhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of WaterD1796 Test Method for
6、 Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4928 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by CoulometricKarl Fischer TitrationE1
7、23 Specification for Apparatus for Determination of Wa-ter by Distillation2.2 API Standards:MPMS Chapter 8.1 Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products (ASTM Practice D4057)MPMS Chapter 8.2 Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products (ASTM Practice D4177)MPMS Chapter 10.1 Test Meth
8、od for Sediment in CrudeOils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction Method (ASTM TestMethod D473)MPMS Chapter 10.4 Determination of Water and/or Sedi-ment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (FieldProcedure)MPMS Chapter 10.5 Test Method for Water in PetroleumProducts and Bituminous Materials by Distillat
9、ion(ASTM Test Method D95)MPMS Chapter 10.6 Test Method forWater and Sediment inFuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Proce-dure) (ASTM Test Method D1796)MPMS Chapter 10.9 Test Method for Water in Crude Oilsby Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration (ASTM TestMethod D4928)3. Summary of Test Metho
10、d3.1 The sample is heated under reflux conditions with awater immiscible solvent which co-distills with the water in thesample. Condensed solvent and water are continuously sepa-rated in a trapthe water settles in the graduated section of thetrap, and the solvent returns to the distillation flask.1T
11、his test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and the API Committee on Petroleum Measure-ment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02.10 on Sediment andWater (API MPMS Chapter 10.0).This test method was issued as a joint ASTM-API-
12、IP standard in 1981.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D400607. DOI:10.1520/D4006-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.o
13、rg. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United State
14、s.4. Significance and Use4.1 A knowledge of the water content of crude oil isimportant in the refining, purchase, sale, or transfer of crudeoils.4.2 This test method may not be suitable for crude oils thatcontain alcohols that are soluble in water. In cases where theimpact on the results may be sign
15、ificant, the user is advised toconsider using another test method, such as Test MethodD4928 (API MPMS Chapter 10.9).5. Apparatus5.1 The preferred apparatus, shown in Fig. 1, consists of aglass distillation flask, a condenser, a graduated glass trap,3anda heater. Other types of distillation apparatus
16、 are specified inSpecification E123. Any of these apparatus will be acceptablefor this test method provided it can be demonstrated that theyoperate within the precision established with the preferredapparatus.5.1.1 Distillation FlaskA 1000-mL round-bottom, glass,distillation flask fitted with a 24/4
17、0 female taper joint shall beused. This flask receives a 5-mL calibrated, graduated watertrap with 0.05-mL graduations. The trap will be fitted with a400-mm Liebig condenser. A drying tube filled with desiccant(to prevent entrance of atmospheric moisture) is placed on topof the condenser.5.1.2 Heate
18、rAny suitable gas or electric heater that canuniformly distribute heat to the entire lower half of the flaskmay be used. An electric heating mantle is preferred for safetyreasons.5.1.3 The apparatus used in this test will be accepted whensatisfactory results are obtained by the calibration technique
19、described in Section 8.6. Solvent6.1 Xylenereagent grade (WarningExtremely flam-mable. Vapor harmful. See Annex A1.) A solvent blank will beestablished by placing 400 mL of solvent in the distillationapparatus and testing as outlined in Section 9. The blank willbe determined to the nearest 0.025 mL
20、and used to correct thevolume of water in the trap as in Section 10.6.2 The xylene used in this procedure is generally a mixtureof ortho, meta, and para isomers and may contain some ethylbenzene. The typical characteristics for this reagent are:Color (APHA) not more than 10Boiling range 137144CResid
21、ue after evaporation 0.002 %Sulfur compounds (as S) 0.003 %Substances darkened by H2SO4Color pass testWater (H2O) 0.02 %Heavy metals (as Pb) 0.1 ppmCopper (Cu) 0.1 ppmIron (Fe) 0.1 ppmNickel (Ni) 0.1 ppmSilver (Ag) 0.1 ppm7. Sampling, Test Samples, and Test Units7.1 Sampling is defined as all steps
22、required to obtain analiquot of the contents of any pipe, tank, or other system and toplace the sample into the laboratory test container.7.1.1 Laboratory SampleOnly representative samples ob-tained as specified in Practice D4057 (API MPMS Chapter 8.1)and Practice D4177 (API MPMS Chapter 8.2) shall
23、be used forthis test method.7.1.2 Preparation of Test SamplesThe following samplehandling procedure shall apply in addition to those covered in7.1.1.7.1.2.1 The sample size shall be selected as indicated belowbased on the expected water content of the sample:Expected Water Content,weight or volume %
24、Approximate Sample Size,gormL50.1100.0 525.1 50.0 1010.1 25.0 205.1 10.0 501.1 5.0 1000.5 1.0 200less than 0.5 2007.1.2.2 If there is any doubt about the uniformity of themixed sample, determinations should be made on at least threetest portions and the average result reported as the watercontent.7.
25、1.2.3 To determine water on a volume basis, measuremobile liquids in a 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, or 200-mL calibrated,graduated cylinder (NBS Class A) depending on the samplesize indicated in 7.1.2.1. Take care to pour the sample slowlyinto the graduated cylinder to avoid entrapment of air and toadjust th
26、e level as closely as possible to the appropriategraduation. Carefully pour the contents of the cylinder into the3Available on special order from Scientific GlassApparatus Co., Bloomfield, NJ07003.FIG. 1 Distillation ApparatusD4006 112distillation flask and rinse the cylinder five times with portion
27、sof xylene equivalent to one-fifth of the capacity of thegraduated cylinder and add the rinsings to the flask. Drain thecylinder thoroughly to ensure complete sample transfer.7.1.2.4 To determine water on a mass basis, weigh a testportion of sample in accordance with 7.1.2.1, pouring thesample direc
28、tly into the distillation flask. If a transfer vessel(beaker or cylinder) must be used, rinse it with at least fiveportions of xylene and add the rinsings to the flask.8. Calibration8.1 Calibrate both the trap and the entire assembly prior toinitial use and after any equipment changes as indicated i
29、n8.1.1-8.1.3. Additionally, calibrate both the trap and the entireassembly periodically, at a frequency not to exceed yearly.8.1.1 Verify the accuracy of the graduation marks on thetrap by adding 0.05-mL increments of distilled water, at 20C,from a 5-mL microburet or a precision micro-pipet readable
30、 tothe nearest 0.01 mL. If there is a deviation of more than0.050 mL between the water added and water observed, rejectthe trap or recalibrate.8.1.2 Also calibrate the entire apparatus. Put 400 mL of dry(0.02 % water maximum) xylene in the apparatus and test inaccordance with Section 9. When complet
31、e, discard the con-tents of the trap and add 1.00 6 0.01 mLof distilled water fromthe buret or micro-pipet, at 20C, directly to the distillationflask and test in accordance with Section 9. Repeat 8.1.2 andadd 4.50 6 0.01 mL directly to the flask. The assembly of theapparatus is satisfactory only if
32、trap readings are within thetolerances specified here:Limits Capacity Volume of Water Permissible forof Trap at 20C, Added at 20C, Recovered WatermL mL at 20C, mL5.005.001.004.501.006 0.0254.50 6 0.0258.1.3 A reading outside the limits suggests malfunctioningdue to vapor leaks, too rapid boiling, in
33、accuracies in gradua-tions of the trap, or ingress of extraneous moisture. Thesemalfunctions must be eliminated before repeating 8.1.2.9. Procedure9.1 The precision of this test method can be affected bywater droplets adhering to surfaces in the apparatus andtherefore not settling into the water tra
34、p to be measured. Tominimize the problem, all apparatus must be chemicallycleaned at least daily to remove surface films and debris whichhinder free drainage of water in the test apparatus. Morefrequent cleaning is recommended if the nature of the samplesbeing run causes persistent contamination.9.2
35、 To determine water on a volume basis, proceed asindicated in 7.1.2.3. Add sufficient xylene to the flask to makethe total xylene volume 400 mL.9.2.1 To determine water on a mass basis, proceed asindicated in 7.1.2.4. Add sufficient xylene to the flask to makethe total xylene volume 400 mL.9.2.2 A m
36、agnetic stirrer is the most effective device toreduce bumping. Glass beads or other boiling aids, althoughless effective, have been found to be useful.9.3 Assemble the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1, making sureall connections are vapor and liquid-tight. It is recommendedthat glass joints not be greas
37、ed. Insert a drying tube containingan indicating desiccant into the end of the condenser to preventcondensation of atmospheric moisture inside the condenser.Circulate water, between 20 and 25C, through the condenserjacket.9.4 Apply heat to the flask. The type of crude oil beingevaluated can signific
38、antly alter the boiling characteristics ofthe crude-solvent mixture. Heat should be applied slowlyduring the initial stages of the distillation (approximately12 to1 h) to prevent bumping and possible loss of water from thesystem. (Condensate shall not proceed higher than threequarters of the distanc
39、e up the condenser inner tube (Point A inFig. 1).) To facilitate condenser wash-down, the condensateshould be held as close as possible to the condenser outlet.After the initial heating, adjust the rate of boiling so that thecondensate proceeds no more than three quarters of thedistance up the conde
40、nser inner tube. Distillate should dis-charge into the trap at the rate of approximately 2 to 5 drops persecond. Continue distillation until no water is visible in anypart of the apparatus, except in the trap, and the volume ofwater in the trap remains constant for at least 5 min. If there isa persi
41、stent accumulation of water droplets in the condenserinner tube, flush with xylene. (A jet spray washing tube, seeFig. 2, or equivalent device is recommended.) The addition ofan oil-soluble emulsion breaker at a concentration of 1000 ppmto the xylene wash helps dislodge the clinging water drops.Afte
42、r flushing, redistill for at least 5 min (the heat must be shutoff at least 15 min prior to wash-down to prevent bumping).After wash-down, apply heat slowly to prevent bumping.Repeat this procedure until no water is visible in the condenserand the volume of water in the trap remains constant for at
43、least5 min. If this procedure does not dislodge the water, use theTFE-fluorocarbon scraper, pick shown in Fig. 2, or equivalentdevice to cause the water to run into the trap.9.5 When the carryover of water is complete, allow the trapand contents to cool to 20C. Dislodge any drops of wateradhering to
44、 the sides of the trap with the TFE-fluorocarbonscraper or pick and transfer them to the water layer. Read thevolume of the water in the trap. The trap is graduated in0.05-mL increments, but the volume is estimated to the nearest0.025 mL.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the water in the sample as follo
45、ws:Volume % 5A B!C3 100 (1)Volume % 5A B!M/D!3 100 (2)D4006 113Mass % 5A B!M3 100 (3)where:A = mL of water in trap,B = mL of solvent blank,C = mL of test sample,M = g of test sample, andD = density of sample, g/mL.Volatile water-soluble material, if present, may bemeasured as water.11. Report11.1 Re
46、port the result as the water content to the nearest0.025 %, reporting water content of less than 0.025 % as 0 %,and reference this Test Method D4006 (API MPMS Chapter10.2) as the procedure used.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The precision of this test method, as obtained bystatistical examination of int
47、erlaboratory test results in therange from 0.01 to 1.0 %, is described in 12.1.1 and 12.1.2.12.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successivetest results, obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating conditions on identical testmaterial, would, in the long run, i
48、n the normal and correctoperation of the test method, exceed the following value inonly one case in twenty:From 0.0 % to 0.1 % water, see Fig. 3.Greater than 0.1 % water, repeatability is constant at 0.08.12.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between the twosingle and independent test results obtaine
49、d by differentoperators working in different laboratories on identical testmaterial, would, in the long run, in the normal and correctFIG. 2 Pick, Scraper, and Jet Spray Tube for Distillation ApparatusD4006 114operation of the test method, exceed the following value inonly one case in twenty:From 0.0 % to 0.1 % water, see Fig. 3Greater than 0.1 % water, reproducibility is constant at 0.11.13. Keywords13.1 crude oil; distillation; waterANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. WARNING STATEMENTA1.1 XyleneA1.1.1 Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame.A
