1、Designation: D 4016 02Standard Test Method forViscosity of Chemical Grouts by Brookfield Viscometer(Laboratory Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4016; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 This test method covers the determination of viscosityof catalysed chemical grouts with the Brookfield visc
3、ometer(laboratory method), over the range from 1.0 to 1000 cP (0.001to 1 Pas).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and deter
4、mine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids2D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering
5、Design and Construction23. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms used in this standard,refer to Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coeffcient of viscositythe ratio between the appliedshear stress and the rate of shear. This coefficient is a measureof
6、the resistance to flow of the liquid. It is commonly called theviscosity of the liquid. The cgs unit of viscosity is 1 g/cms (1dyn/s cm2) and is called a poise (P). Viscosities of thin liquidsare normally given in hundredths of a poise or centipoises (cP).The SI unit of viscosity is 1 Pas (1 Ns/m2)
7、and is equal to 10P, or 1000 cP.3.2.2 Newtonian liquida liquid in which the shear stress isproportional to the rate of shearing strain. This constant ratio isthe viscosity. Non-Newtonian behavior can be determined withthe Brookfield instrument by taking measurements at differentspindle speeds.4. Sum
8、mary of Test Method4.1 A rotating spindle is immersed in a container of cataly-sed chemical grout. An index to the viscosity is read directly onthe instrument scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test is intended for materials that will penetrate soilvoids and rock fissures. Viscosity alone is not
9、necessarily anexact index of grout penetrability.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this test method isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally consider
10、ed capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with of Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on mnay factors; of PracticeD 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors
11、6. Apparatus6.1 Brookfield ViscometerAny model whose lower limitof effective measurement is less than the value of the sample.Models LVF and LVT should be used for measurements above20 cP (20 mPas), and for measurements from 1 to 20 cP (1 to20 mPas) with the addition of a Model UL adapter. Models R
12、V,RT, HA, and HB may be used for measurements above 100 cP(100 mPas).NOTE 2The UL adapter may be used for better accuracy in the 20 to100-cP (20 to 100-mPas) range also.6.2 Griffn Beaker, 600-cm3, low-form used as the containerfor the sample. Beaker material must not react with the grout.Glass beake
13、rs are not acceptable for silicates. Stainless steelbeakers are acceptable for all materials.6.3 Calibrated Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers, accurate to61.0F (0.5C), or any other thermometric device of equalaccuracy.NOTE 3Glass thermometers should not be used with silicates.1This test method is under t
14、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization WithAdmixtures.Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Originallypublished as D 4016 81. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous editionapproved i
15、n 1993 as D 4016 93.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol 04.08.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.4 Temperature-Control Bath, for work at other than am-bi
16、ent temperature, and large enough to hold the samplecontainer. Any bath that will maintain its temperature within61.0F (0.5C) during the test period is adequate.NOTE 4Grout temperature must equal bath temperature at the start ofthe test. Temperature rise due to chemical reaction does not invalidate
17、thetest data.7. Sample Preparation7.1 The temperature of the grout components at time oftesting shall be 68 6 1F (20 6 0.5C).NOTE 5Alternatively, three or more tests at various temperatures maybe taken to define a viscosity versus temperature relationship. It isdesirable to have such tests span the
18、anticipated ground temperature.7.2 Viscosity data should be taken on catalysed groutsolution that contains all of the components normally used forfield application.8. Procedure8.1 Prepare the grout components separately and bring themto the required temperature.8.2 When not using the UL adapter atta
19、ch the No. 1 spindleto the lower shaft.8.2.1 When using the UL adapter attach the locating channelto the viscometer. Assemble the spindle, extension link, andcoupling nut. Thread the coupling nut onto the viscometerspindle coupling. Guide the tube over the spindle. Thread thelower mounting screw int
20、o the tube collar.NOTE 6For more detailed assembly instructions, refer to the manu-facturers operation manual.8.3 Catalyse the grout in a 600-cm3beaker. For materialswhose gel time range is between 10 and 30 min, gel timeshould be set at about 20 min. Instrument readings of viscosity(versus time) sh
21、ould be taken at approximately every twominutes.8.3.1 For materials whose gel time range is less than 10 min,a gel time should be set between 50 and 100 % of gel timerange, and readings taken at least every 2 min or, if possible, at1-min intervals.8.3.2 For materials whose gel time range is over 30
22、min, agel time should be selected at least 25 % above minimum, andreadings taken at approximately equal time intervals to permitat least five readings prior to gelation.NOTE 7For materials whose normal setting time is modified byprolonged agitation (this includes many silicate and acrylamide grouts)
23、only one reading per sample should be taken, and multiple samples usedto define the viscosity-time data.8.4 Insert the spindle or UL adapter into the group up to thereference mark and level the viscometer.8.5 Select the highest spindle speed that will give a viscom-eter reading between 20 % and 80 %
24、 of scale. The followingtable may be used as a selection guide.With Model UL Adapterrpm Range, cP or mPas50 to 100 0 to 1020 to 50 10 to 3010 to 20 20 to 501to10 50to100Without UL Adapterrpm Range, cP or mPas2to30 20to1000.5 to 20 50 to 2000.5 to 12 100 to 5000.5 to 6 200 to 10008.5.1 For all sample
25、s whose gel time permits more than onereading, at least one shall be taken at a different spindle speed,from that originally selected. If apparent viscosities differ bymore than 20 % at different spindle speeds, the grout shall bereported as non-Newtonian.NOTE 8For non-Newtonian fluids it is recomme
26、nded that, wherepossible, sufficient readings be taken so that a chart of spindle speedversus “effective” viscosity may be reported.8.6 Depress the clutch and turn on the motor. Release theclutch and allow the dial to rotate until the pointer stabilizes.NOTE 9At speeds above 4 rpm, 20 to 30 s will g
27、enerally be required.At slower speeds, it may take longer.9. Report9.1 The following data shall be included in the report:9.1.1 Composition of the grout, listing each component, andits weight percentage of the total solution. Composition byvolume is also acceptable, if pertinent solution concentrati
28、onsand densities are noted.9.1.2 Temperature of the test sample, just prior to theviscosity measurement.9.1.3 Gel time of the sample.NOTE 10For the purpose of this test, change from liquid to gel maybe considered to occur when the liquid becomes too thick to pour out ofthe sample container.9.1.4 Sam
29、ple viscosity in cP (mPas) for grouts with veryshort gel times, or preferably, a plot of viscosity versus time.10. Precision10.1 PrecisionData are being evaluated to determine theprecision of this test method. In addition Subcommittee D18.15is seeking pertinent data from users of this test method.10
30、2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this testmethod, therefore, bias cannot be determined.11. Keywords11.1 Brookfield viscometer; chemical grout; coefficient ofviscosity; grouting; Newtonian fluids; non-Newtonian fluidsD4016022SUMMARY OF CHANGESIn accordance with Committee D18 policy, th
31、is section identifies the location of changes to this standard sincethe last edition (1993) thay may impact the use of this standard.(1) Added Referenced Document Section and renumberedsubsequent sections. Included Terminology D 653 and PracticeD 3740 to section.(2) Added reference to Terminology D
32、653 in Terminologysection.(3) Added Note 1 for the Practice D 3740 statement.(4) Renumbered subsequent notes.(5) Added Summary of Changes section.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of
33、 this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five
34、 years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical co
35、mmittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4016023
