1、Designation: D 4062 99 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Method forLeveling of Paints by Draw-Down Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4062; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2covers the laboratory determination ofthe relative leveling of water and solvent-reducible architec-tural pa
3、ints in white and light tints by comparing the ridgesproduced in a draw-down film to a series of plastic levelingstandards.1.2 Unpigmented, texture, and deep-tint coatings cannot bereadily evaluated with the shadowing produced by obliquelighting employed in this test method. Such coatings may berate
4、d by comparing them with the plastic standards at variousangles of reflection. For this purpose ordinary room lighting issatisfactory.1.3 Since other factors may influence the tendency of liquidpaints to sag, this test method is not intended to measuresagging.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to
5、 be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices an
6、d determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 levelingof a paint, a measure of its ability to flowout after application so as to obliterate any surface irregulari-ties such as brush marks, orange peel, pea
7、ks, or craters thathave been produced by the mechanical process of application.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The material to be tested is presheared and then appliedto a sealed chart by means of a special leveling test bladedesigned to lay down a film with parallel ridges simulatingbrush marks. After
8、 allowing the completed draw-down to dryin a horizontal position, leveling of the test paint is rated byviewing the draw-down under a strong, oblique light sourceand comparing the contrast of lightness and shadow caused bythe paint ridges to that of a series of plastic leveling standardsunder the sa
9、me lighting conditions.4. Significance and Use4.1 Leveling can affect the hiding and appearance ofapplied architectural coatings, the presence of brushmarks andsurface irregularities being more conspicuous with gloss andsemi-gloss finishes than with flat finishes. Instrumental evalu-ations of leveli
10、ng by this test method have been shown tocorrelate with those made by brush application.5. Apparatus5.1 Leveling Test Blade3,4A grooved draw-down bladedesigned to lay down a wet film with parallel ridges (see Fig.1).5.2 Draw-Down Plate,5with two parallel, smooth-facedstraightedges to guide the blade
11、 during film application andensure that the ridges are straight.5.3 Syringe and NeedleA 10-mL LuerLok syringe and38-mm (112-in.) No. 15 gage needle for placing a fixed amountof the paint in front of the blade while simultaneouslypreshearing it (as during brushing) prior to drawing-down.Either glass
12、or disposable plastic syringes may be used withwater-reducible paints. Glass syringes only may be used withsolvent-reducible paints due to swelling of disposable syringesby the solvent.5.4 Test Chart,6plain white (for white or light tints) orpredominantly black chart (for deep tints) coated with asu
13、itable varnish or lacquer to render the test surface imperviousto the volatile portion of the paint.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coat
14、ings.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published December 2003. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 4062 99.2This test method was essentially developed by the Leneta Company as outlinedin Leneta Catalog No. 3, pp. 267 (1976).3The Leneta Company, 15 Whitney Ro
15、ad, Mahwah, NJ 07430, is the solemanufacturer of the leveling test blade. This blade, the drawn-down plate, chart,light source, and levelness standards are all manufactured solely by the Leneta Co.,and can be obtained from Leneta and most scientific supply houses.4The Leneta Leveling Test Blade used
16、 in this test method is a modification of thethreaded draw-down bar described in an article by Dodge, J. S. “QuantitativeMeasures of Leveling,” Journal of Paint Technology, Vol 44, No. 564, January1972.5A suitable draw-down plate may be constructed from the description given in5.2 of this test metho
17、d.6Leneta Form WB, a plain white sealed chart, and Leneta Form 7B, a black andwhite sealed chart, have been found suitable for light- and deep-tint paints,respectively for use in this test method. These charts can be obtained from Lenetaand most scientific supply houses.1Copyright ASTM International
18、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.5 Light Source,7oblique, to illuminate the test draw-downand leveling standards (see Fig. 2).5.6 Levelness Standards8Three-dimensional full-scalereplicas of draw-downs made with the leveling test blade andnine pa
19、ints exhibiting very poor to very good leveling, forcomparison with the test draw-down.5.7 Catch Papers, disposable, any type for catching excesspaint is adequate.6. Preparation of Sample6.1 Adjust the temperature of the paint to 23 6 2C (73.5 63.5F) or to a temperature agreed upon between buyer and
20、seller.6.2 Thoroughly mix the paint by hand with a spatula to asmooth, uniform composition and consistency to ensure thatthe specimen to be taken for testing is representative.7. Procedure7.1 Affix the test chart to the draw-down plate. Position theleveling blade at the far end of the chart, between
21、 the parallel7A suitable light source may be constructed from the description given in 5.5and Fig. 2 of this test method.8Leneta Draw-Down Levelness Standards, a series of nine 3 by 5 in. (75 by 125mm) plastic full-scale replicas of draw-downs of paints having very poor to verygood leveling were use
22、d in this test method. These standards can be obtained fromLeneta and most scientific supply houses.Dimensions: mmin. (ap-prox.)Dimensions: mmin. (ap-prox.)ALength 165 6.5 EMajor doctoring edge 1.25 0.05BDiameter 22 0.87 FMinor clearance 0.10 0.004CSupporting edge 25 1.0 GClearance step 0.20 0.008DM
23、inor doctoring edge 1.25 0.05 HMajor clearance 0.30 0.012NoteThis is actually a cylindrical rod, the term “blade” being employed as a conventional reference to film applicators. Auxillary plastic side arms not shown. SeeFig. 1 (b)and1(c).FIG. 1 (a) Leneta Leveling Test Draw-Down BladeNotePlastic sid
24、earms are for guidance to assure rectilinearity of blade move-ments.NoteIllustration of use of draw-down plate and catch papers. Note that side-arms are attached to the test blade and parallel straightedge guides on draw-down plate.FIG. 1 (b) Photograph of the Leneta Leveling Test Draw-Down Blade FI
25、G. 1 (c) Application With the Leneta Leveling Test Draw-Down BladeD 4062 99 (2003)2straightedges, with the longer arm of the blade adjacent to theleft edge and pointing toward the operator.7.2 Place a catch paper just below but in contact with thechart so that it is slightly to the right of the long
26、er arm of theblade.7.3 With the needle not attached, take up 8 to 10 mL of thematerial under test into the syringe (Note 1). Wipe off thesyringe orifice and attach the No. 15 gage needle. Eject within3 to 5 s the entire amount in front of the blade, forming apuddle. Immediately lay the syringe down,
27、 grasp the bladearms with both hands, and draw the leveling blade rapidly butsmoothly over the test paint at a rate of about 0.6 m (2 ft) pers, keeping the long arm on the left parallel to the surface duringthe draw-down.NOTE 1Filling the syringe and cleaning the orifice are greatlyfacilitated by te
28、mporarily attaching to the orifice a 2-in. (50-mm) length ofclear vinyl tubing with inside diameter of 3.2 mm (18 in.) and outsidediameter of 5 mm (316 in.), which is removed prior to attaching the needle.7.4 Allow the completed draw-down to dry overnight in ahorizontal position, preferably at 23 6
29、2C (73.5 6 3.5F) and50 6 5 % relative humidity, or under other conditions agreedupon between the buyer and the seller.7.5 Place the dry draw-down, with its ridges perpendicularto the direction of the light, in front of the oblique light asshown in Fig. 2. Place two leveling standards similarly orien
30、tedon either side of the test draw-down and view the centerportion of the draw-down and the standards from above (that isat a 90 angle to the surface), or as close to 90 as possible ifin a lighted room (see Fig. 2). Then successively interchangestandards until one is found having the same distinctne
31、ss oflightness and shadow as the test draw-down. Leveling poorerthan Standard No. 1 is designated as 0 or very poor leveling.Leveling better than Standard No. 9 is designated as 10 whichrepresents perfect leveling or no perceptible ridges. Estimateand record the number of the leveling standard that
32、corre-sponds to the leveling of the test draw-down.8. Report8.1 Report the leveling of the test paint on the scale of 0 to10 as determined by comparison with the numbered levelingstandards.9. Precision9.1 On the basis of a study in which seven operators, eachusing a different blade, rated twelve dif
33、ferent paints, thebetween-laboratories standard deviation was found to be 1.5units on the 0 to 10 scale. Based on this standard deviation, thefollowing criteria should be used for judging the acceptabilityof results at the 95 % confidence level:9.1.1 ReproducibilityTwo single results obtained by op-
34、erators in different laboratories, should be considered suspect ifthey differ by more than 1.5 scale units.10. Keywords10.1 leveling of paints; rheological properties, flowFIG. 2 Oblique Light Source (The Level Luminator) ( Side View)D 4062 99 (2003)3ASTM International takes no position respecting t
35、he validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard
36、is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International H
37、eadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This
38、standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4062 99 (2003)4
