1、Designation: D4383 18Standard Specification forPlowable, Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4383; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers a type of plowable,retroreflective, raised pavement marker for lane marking anddelineation.1.2 Retroreflect
3、ive markers are intended for nighttime vis-ibility.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard, except where noted in the document. Thevalues given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SIunits that are provided for information only and are notconsidered stan
4、dard.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 10, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate
5、safety, health, andenvironmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of
6、 International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A536 Specification for Ductile Iron CastingsC184 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the150-m (No. 100) and 7
7、5-m (No. 200) Sieves (With-drawn 2002)3C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the45-m (No. 325) SieveC778 Specification for Standard SandD5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsD36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)D70 Test Method for Den
8、sity of Semi-Solid BituminousMaterials (Pycnometer Method)D71 Test Method for Relative Density of Solid Pitch andAsphalt (Displacement Method)D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD113 Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt MaterialsD1754 Test Method for Effects of Heat
9、and Air on AsphalticMaterials (Thin-Film Oven Test)D1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) PlasticPipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120D1856 Test Method for Recovery of Asphalt From Solutionby Abson MethodD2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by VacuumCapillary ViscometerD2172 Test Method
10、s for Quantitative Extraction of BitumenFrom Bituminous Paving MixturesD2669 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of PetroleumWaxes Compounded with Additives (Hot Melts)D3111 Test Method for Flexibility Determination of Hot-Melt Adhesives by Mandrel Bend Test MethodD4280 Specification for Extended Lif
11、e Type, Nonplowable,Raised Retroreflective Pavement MarkersD4402 Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphaltat Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational ViscometerD5329 Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers, Hot-Applied,for Joints and Cracks in Asphalt Pavements and PortlandCement Concrete Pav
12、ementsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE808 Practice for Describing Retror
13、eflectionE809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics ofRetroreflectors1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 onHighway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved April
14、 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4383 12. DOI:10.1520/D4383-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume infor
15、mation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was
16、 developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E811 Practice
17、 for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics ofRetroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions2.2 Federal Specification:4TT-T-291 Thinner, Paint, Mineral Spirits, Regular and Odor-less2.3 AASHTO Standard:5AASHTO M237 Epoxy Resin Adhesive for Bonding TrafficMarkers to Hardened Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Def
18、initions:3.1.1 cleanabilitythe ability of a raised retroreflectivemarker to keep its optical surfaces clean under traffic andenvironmental conditions.3.1.2 coeffcient of luminous intensity, RIthe ratio of theluminous intensity (I) of the retroreflector in the direction ofobservation to the illuminan
19、ce (E) at the retroreflector on aplane perpendicular to the direction of the incident light,expressed in candelas per lux (cd/lx) (see Practice E808 andTerminology E284).3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe values presented for the coefficientof luminous intensity are presented in SI units, which are theaccepted w
20、orldwide norm for expressing this value, rather thanin inch-pounds units. When values are low, the coefficient of(retroreflected) luminous intensity may be given in millican-delas per lux. In inch-pound units, RIis given in candelas perfootcandle (cd/fc). Historically, the term “specific intensity”a
21、nd symbol “SI” have been used to designate this term, but“RI” is preferred.3.1.3 colorexpressed by chromaticity coordinates accord-ing to the CIE (Commission Internationale de lEclairage1931) standard colorimetric system.3.1.4 horizontal entrance anglethe angle in the horizontalplane between the dir
22、ection of incident light and the normal tothe leading edge of the marker.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis angle corresponds to the entranceangle component 2 when the marker is positioned for pho-tometry. (See Practice E808.) The direction given in PracticeE808 should be used when designating this angle.3.1.5
23、observation anglethe angle at the reflector betweenthe illumination axis and the observation axis. (See PracticeE808.)3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 raised retroreflective pavement markers, raised ret-roreflective marker, retroreflective marker, and markerusedinterchangeabl
24、y in this specification to refer to a molded plasticprismatic retroreflector, the reflecting area of which is coveredwith an abrasion-resistant lens surface. The terms do notinclude the metal holder sometimes used to protect markersfrom plow blades.4. Classification4.1 Markers shall be classified as
25、 to type, color, andintended application.4.1.1 Types of Markers:4.1.1.1 Type ATwo-way retroreflective markers, one color.4.1.1.2 Type BOne-way retroreflective markers, one color.4.1.1.3 Type ETwo-way retroreflective marker, two col-ors.4.1.2 Color of Markers:4.1.2.1 WWhite,4.1.2.2 YYellow,4.1.2.3 RR
26、ed,4.1.2.4 BBlue, and4.1.2.5 GGreen.4.1.3 Intended Application of Markers:4.1.3.1 Marker to be mounted in a holder.4.1.3.2 Marker to be mounted in a recess.4.1.4 Show classification in the order detailed in 4.1.1 4.1.3.2: type, color, and application.4.2 Holders shall be classified as to the design
27、installedheight of the holder above the pavement.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for markers under this specification shouldinclude the following information:5.1.1 Quantity,5.1.2 Type of markerRetroreflective one-way or retrore-flective two-way, and5.1.3 Color of marker.5.2 Orders for holders unde
28、r this specification should in-clude the following information:5.2.1 Design installed maximum height of the holder.6. Performance Requirements6.1 Retroreflectivity:6.1.1 For new markers, coefficient of luminous intensity(RI) measured in accordance with 10.1 shall be not less thanthe values in Table
29、1.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washingt
30、on, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.TABLE 1 Coefficient of Luminous Intensity RINOTE 1The retroreflector axis and datum axis of the marker are asshown in Figs. 2 and 3.NOTE 2Entrance angle component 1 and rotation angle are 0.NOTE 3The values presented for the coefficient of luminous intensity
31、in the table are given in SI units, which are the accepted worldwide normfor expressing this value, rather than in inch-pound units. The values incd/fc are provided for information.Entrance Angle2ObservationAngleMinimum Value RI, mcd/lxWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0+ 20 200.20.227911216767702893372610
32、Entrance Angle2ObservationAngleMinimum Value RI, cd/fcWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0+ 20 200.20.23.01.21.80.720.750.301.00.400.280.11D4383 1826.1.2 After abrading the marker per 10.2, coefficient ofluminous intensity at 0 entrance angle measured in accor-dance with 10.1 shall be not less than the valu
33、es in Table 1multiplied by 0.5.NOTE 1No laboratory abrasion test has been established for markershaving biconvex optical elements.NOTE 2Some two-color markers may intentionally have only one ofthe retroreflective faces abrasion resistant, in which case the second faceshould not be abraded.NOTE 3No l
34、aboratory abrasion test can be expected to model the fullrange of surface wear of pavement markers in use.6.2 ColorWhen the retroreflector is illuminated by a CIEStandard Source A and when measured in accordance with10.3, the color of the retroreflected light shall fall within thecolor gamuts given
35、by the following corner points and shownin Fig. 1:6.2.1 White:Point No. xy1 0.310 0.3482 0.453 0.4403 0.500 0.4404 0.500 0.3805 0.440 0.3806 0.310 0.2836.2.2 Yellow:Point No. xy1 0.545 0.4242 0.559 0.4393 0.609 0.3904 0.597 0.3906.2.3 Red:Point No. xy1 0.650 0.3302 0.668 0.3303 0.734 0.2654 0.721 0.
36、2596.2.4 Blue:Point No. xy1 0.039 0.3202 0.160 0.3203 0.160 0.2404 0.183 0.2185 0.088 0.1426.2.5 Green:Point No. xy1 0.009 0.7332 0.288 0.5203 0.209 0.3954 0.012 0.4946.3 Lens Impact StrengthWhen impacted in accordancewith 10.4.2, the face of the lens shall show no more than tworadial cracks longer
37、than 0.25 in. (6.4 mm). There shall be noradial cracks extending to the edge of the abrasion-resistantarea. There shall be no delamination.6.4 Temperature CyclingWhen subjected to temperaturecycling in accordance with 10.4.3, there shall be no cracking ordelamination.6.5 Adhesive Bond StrengthBecaus
38、e no practical labora-tory procedures have been determined to provide complete,reliable, and predictive information on adhesive bond strength,the user is encouraged to seek information from alternativesources such as field tests. A field test of duration twelvemonths is recommended. A control marker
39、 is chosen withknown satisfactory adhesion. The test markers may be requiredto experience no more than 1.5 times as great an adhesionfailure rate as the controls. The test severity should be such thatbetween 3 % and 20 % of the controls fail during the field test.There must be adequate numbers of te
40、st markers and controlsfor statistical validity.6.6 Compressive StrengthTested in accordance with 10.5,a marker shall support a load of 6000 lbf (26 700 N, 2720 kgf)without breakage or significant deformation of the marker.Significant permanent deformation shall be understood to be0.13 in. (3.2 mm).
41、 For markers laminated to an elastomericpad, remove the pad before testing.6.7 Ramp Hardness of HoldersMeasured in accordancewith 10.6, the hardness of the ramps shall be 51-55 HRC.7. Construction Requirements for RetroreflectiveMarkers7.1 To withstand plowing, raised retroreflective markers areprot
42、ected either by recessing within a groove below thepavement surface (see Appendix X1), mounting within aholder having metal ramps to deflect plowblades, or by othermethods approved by the purchaser.7.2 Retroreflective Markers:7.2.1 The marker shall be comprised of materials withadequate chemical, wa
43、ter, and UV resistance for the intendeduse.7.2.2 The marker width shall be approximately 4 in.(102 mm).7.2.3 The angle between the face of the marker and the baseshall be no greater than 45.FIG. 1 Color Gamut per 6.2D4383 1837.2.4 Markers to be mounted in a holder may preferably belaminated to an el
44、astomeric pad.7.2.5 The base of the marker shall be flat within 0.05 in.(1.3 mm). If the bottom of the marker is configurated, theoutermost faces of the configurations shall not deviate morethan 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) from a flat surface.7.2.6 Other construction meeting the performance require-ments will
45、 be acceptable following a six-month road testduring the time of the year when weather and traffic conditionsare most critical to determine cleanability and durability.7.3 Holder:7.3.1 The installed height of the holder shall not exceed0.43 in. (10.9 mm) above the road surface.7.3.2 The holder shall
46、 be nodular iron, conforming toSpecification A536, Grade 80-55-06, hardened to 51-55 HRC,when tested according to Test Methods E18.7.3.3 To minimize plow blade impact and damage to thecasting, the plow blade deflecting ramps of the holder shall beangled not more than 6 to the surface of the road.7.3
47、.4 The ramps shall be so designed that there shall be novertical surfaces above the road level that can be contacted bythe plow blade moving in the normal travel direction of theroad.7.3.5 Surfaces of the holder shall be free of scale, dirt, rust,oil, grease, or any other contaminant which may reduc
48、e itsbond to the adhesive with which the holder is installed or withwhich the marker is mounted.7.3.6 The holder shall be designed to be partially recessedbelow the pavement surface to withstand plow impact. It shallhave means for indexing the pavement surface, such as tabs.7.3.7 Other holder constr
49、uctions may be acceptable at theoption of the purchaser following a six-month road test duringthe time of the year when weather conditions are most criticalto determine durability.8. Sampling8.1 For markers supplied not mounted in holders, 26 mark-ers selected at random will constitute a representative samplefor each lot consisting of 10 000 markers or less. Forty markerswill constitute a representative sample for lots consisting ofmore than 10 000 markers. The lot size shall not exceed 25 000markers.8.2 For markers su
