1、Designation: D 4391 93a (Reapproved 2006)Standard Terminology Relating toThe Burning Behavior of Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D 123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. Theya
3、re published as a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography ofrelated literature is given in Appendix X1.afterglow, nglow in material after the removal of an externalignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) of
4、flaming of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smol-dering.)burning behavior, nall the changes that take place whenmaterials or products are exposed to a specified ignitionsource.charring, nthe formation of carbonaceous residue as theresult of pyrolysis or incomplete bustible textile, na textil
5、e that will ignite and burn orthat will give off vapors that will ignite and burn whensubjected to external sources of ignition. (Compare flam-mable textile, noncombustible textile.)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs ata rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either
6、 asglow or flames.DISCUSSIONSome oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radia-tion outside the visible spectrum.dangerously flammable textile, n not defined. This term isimplied in the Standard for the Flammability of ClothingTextiles (16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable FabricsAct (15 USC 1191,
7、 et seq.) from which a meaning can beinferred. (See also flammable textile.)embrittlement, nthe formation of a brittle residue as theresult of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.fire, nas related to textile flammability, an uncontrolledconflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning asevid
8、enced by flames of varying size and shape, and a highintensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burningwaste basket, grease-fire on a stove, burning building orforest fire.flame, nas related to textile flammability, a hot luminouszone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that is
9、undergoing combustion, that is relatively constant in sizeand shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux.(Compare fire.)DISCUSSIONExamples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsenburner gas flame.flame resistance, nthe property of a material wherebyflaming combustion is prevented, termi
10、nated, or inhibitedfollowing application of a flaming or nonflaming source ofignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignitionsource.DISCUSSIONFlame resistance can be an inherent property of thebasic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment.The degree of flame resi
11、stance exhibited by a specific material duringtesting may vary with different test conditions.flame resistant, adjhaving flame resistance.DISCUSSION“Flame resistant” is the government mandated descrip-tion for certain products that meet established governmental conform-ance standards or specificatio
12、ns when the product is tested by a specificmethod. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resistant” is arelative term and is used to compare one material to another.flame retardant, adjnot defined. This term should not beused as an adjective except in the terms “flame-retardant-treated” and “
13、flame-retardant treatment”.flame retardant, na chemical used to impart flame resis-tance.flame-retardant-treated, adjhaving received a flame-retardant treatment.DISCUSSIONThe term “flame-retardant-treated” does not apply totextiles that are inherently-flame-resistant due to the intrinsic propertieso
14、f the material or the fiber-forming polymer.flame-retardant treatment, na process for incorporating oradding flame retardant(s) to a material or product.DISCUSSIONThe term “flame-retardant treatment” does not apply totextiles that are inherently flame resistant due to the intrinsic propertiesof the
15、material or the fiber-forming polymer.flammability, nthose characteristics of a material that per-tain to its relative ease of ignition and relative ability tosustain combustion.flammable textile, nany combustible textile that burns witha flame. (See also flammability.) (Compare combustibletextile,
16、noncombustible textile.)1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as
17、 D 4391 93(2000).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.glow, nvisible, flameless combustion of the solid phase of amaterial. (See also afterglow and smoldering.)DISCUSSIONA solid may both glow and give off combustibles that
18、burn in the gas phase (that is, flame) but the two are not necessarilyinterdependent. Aspects of glow not involving combustion are definedin dictionaries of general terms.heat durability, nthe extent to which a material retains itsuseful properties at ambient air conditions, following itsexposure to
19、 a specified temperature and environment for aspecified time and its return to the ambient air conditions.(Compare heat resistance.)heat durable, adjhaving heat durability.heat flux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by the amount ofpower per unit area.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for heat flux is watts per
20、 square meter (W/m2).heat resistance, nthe extent to which a material retainsuseful properties as measured during exposure of the mate-rial to a specified temperature and environment for aspecified time. (Compare heat durability.)heat resistant, adjhaving heat resistance.ignition, nthe initiation of
21、 combustion.inherent flame-resistance, nas applied to textiles, flameresistance that derives from an essential characteristic of thefiber from which the textile is made. (Compare flameresistance.)inherently-flame-resistant, adjhaving inherent flame-resistance.noncombustible textile, na textile that
22、will neither ignitenor give off vapors that will ignite when subjected toexternal sources of ignition. (Compare combustible textile.)nonflammable textile, nany combustible textile that burnswithout a flame. (See also glow, smoldering.) (Compareflammable textile, combustible textile, noncombustiblete
23、xtile.)self-extinguishing, nnot defined. The Board of Directors ofASTM has ruled that the term “self-extinguishing” shall notbe used in ASTM standards. It has no meaning except inassociation with a specific test method or specific conditionsof burning.shrinkage, na decrease in one or more dimensions
24、 of anobject or material.smoldering, nthe combustion of a solid material withoutaccompaniment of flame but generally with the productionof smoke. (See also afterglow and glow.)DISCUSSIONSmoldering can be initiated by small or low tempera-ture sources of ignition, especially in loose materials, and m
25、ay bepresent for an extended period of time after which a flame might beproduced.INDEXING TERMSThis standard is indexed under the following terms: burning behavior, flammability, and terminology.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RELATED LITERATURE(1) “Establishing World Flammability Terms”, Text
26、ile WorldVol 126 No. 6, June 1975, pp. 107109.(2) ASTM Standard E 176“ Terminology Relating to FireStandards.”(3) Gaskill, James R., “Concept of Smoke and Fire Gases,”Standardization News Vol 7 No. 12, December 1979, pp.2324.(4) “Burning Behavior of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabulary: Part 1” D
27、raft International Standard ISO/DIS4880/1.(5) “Burning Behavior of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabulary: Part 2” Draft International Standard ISO/DIS4880/2.(6) Warren Y. Kimbal, Fire Department Terminology, 4th ed.,National Fire Protection Association, Boston (1970).(7) Kuvshinoff, B. W., Fire Sciences Dictionary, John Wileyor through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4391 93a (2006)3
