1、Designation: D 4411 03 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Guide forSampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic proceduresfor sampling to determine discharge of sediment transported bymoving liquids. Equip
3、ment and procedures were originallydeveloped to sample mineral sediments transported by riversbut they are applicable to sampling a variety of sedimentstransported in open channels or closed conduits. Procedures donot apply to sediments transported by flotation.1.2 This guide does not pertain direct
4、ly to sampling todetermine nondischarge-weighted concentrations, which inspecial instances are of interest. However, much of the descrip-tive information on sampler requirements and sediment trans-port phenomena is applicable in sampling for these concentra-tions, and 9.2.8 and 13.1.3 briefly specif
5、y suitable equipment.Additional information on this subject will be added in thefuture.1.3 The cited references are not compiled as standards;however they do contain information that helps ensure standarddesign of equipment and procedures.1.4 Information given in this guide on sampling to deter-mine
6、 bedload discharge is solely descriptive because nospecific sampling equipment or procedures are presently ac-cepted as representative of the state-of-the-art.As this situationchanges, details will be added to this guide.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any
7、, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 12.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM St
8、andards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 3977 Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concen-tration in Water Samples3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 isokinetica condition of sampling, whereby liquidmoves with no acceleration as it leaves the ambient flow andenters the sampler nozzle.3.1.2 sa
9、mpling verticalan approximately vertical pathfrom water surface to the streambed. Along this path, samplesare taken to define various properties of the flow such assediment concentration or particle-size distribution.3.1.3 sediment dischargemass of sediment transportedper unit of time.3.1.4 suspende
10、d sedimentsediment that is carried in sus-pension in the flow of a stream for appreciable lengths of time,being kept in this state by the upward components of flowturbulence or by Brownian motion.3.1.5 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, seeTerminology D 1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms
11、Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 concentration, sedimentthe ratio of the mass of drysediment in a water-sediment mixture to the volume of thewater-sediment mixture. Refer to Practice D 3977.3.2.2 depth-integrating suspended sediment sampleraninstrument capable of collecting a water-sediment mixtureis
12、okinetically as the instrument is traversed across the flow;hence, a sampler suitable for performing depth integration.3.2.3 depth-integrationa method of sampling at everypoint throughout a sampled depth whereby the water-sedimentmixture is collected isokinetically to ensure the contributionfrom eac
13、h point is proportional to the stream velocity at thepoint. This method yields a sample that is discharge-weightedover the sampled depth. Ordinarily, depth integration is per-formed by traversing either a depth- or point-integratingsampler vertically at an acceptably slow and constant rate;however,
14、depth integration can also be accomplished withvertical slot samplers.3.2.4 point-integrating suspended-sediment sampleraninstrument capable of collecting water-sediment mixtures iso-kinetically. The sampling action can be turned on and off whilethe sampler intake is submerged so as to permit sampli
15、ng for a1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology,and Open-Channel Flow .Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition app
16、roved in 2003 as D 4411 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100
17、 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.specified period of time; hence, an instrument suitable forperforming point or depth integration.3.2.5 point-integrationa method of sampling at a fixedpoint whereby a water-sediment mixture is withdrawn isoki-netically
18、for a specified period of time.3.2.6 stream dischargethe quantity of flow passing agiven cross section in a given time. The flow includes themixture of liquid (usually water), dissolved solids, and sedi-ment.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is general and is intended as a planningguide. To sati
19、sfactorily sample a specific site, an investigatormust sometimes design new sampling equipment or modifyexisting equipment. Because of the dynamic nature of thetransport process, the extent to which characteristics such asmass concentration and particle-size distribution are accuratelyrepresented in
20、 samples depends upon the method of collection.Sediment discharge is highly variable both in time and space sonumerous samples properly collected with correctly designedequipment are necessary to provide data for discharge calcu-lations. General properties of both temporal and spatial varia-tions ar
21、e discussed.5. Design of the Sampling Program5.1 The design of a sampling program requires an evalua-tion of several factors. The objectives of the program and thetolerable degree of measurement accuracy must be stated inconcise terms. To achieve the objectives with minimum cost,care must be exercis
22、ed in selecting the site, the samplingfrequency, the spatial distribution of sampling, the samplingequipment, and the operating procedures.5.2 A suitable site must meet requirements for both streamdischarge measurements and sediment sampling (1).3Theaccuracy of sediment discharge measurements are di
23、rectlydependent on the accuracy of stream discharge measurements.Stream discharge usually is obtained from correlations betweenstream discharge, computed from flow velocity measurements,the stream cross-section geometry, and the water-surface el-evation (stage). The correlation must span the entire
24、range ofdischarges which, for a river, includes flood and low flows.Therefore, it is advantageous to select a site that affords astable stage-discharge relationship. In small rivers and man-made channels, artificial controls as weirs can be installed.These will produce exceptionally stable and well
25、definedstage-discharge relationships. In large rivers, only naturalcontrols ordinarily exist. Riffles and points where the bottomslope changes abruptly, such as immediately upstream from anatural fall, serve as excellent controls. A straight uniformreach is satisfactory, but the reach must be remove
26、d frombridge piers and other obstructions that create backwatereffects.5.3 A sampling site should not be located immediatelydownstream from a confluence because poor lateral mixing ofthe sediment will require an excessive number of samples.Gaging and sampling stations should not be located at sitesw
27、here there is inflow or outflow. In rivers, sampling duringfloods is essential so access to the site must be considered.Periods of high discharge may occur at night and duringinclement weather when visibility is poor. In many instances,bridges afford the only practical sampling site.5.4 Sampling fre
28、quency can be optimized after a review ofthe data collected during an initial period of intensive sam-pling. Continuous records of water discharge and gauge height(stage) should be maintained in an effort to discover parametersthat correlate with sediment discharge, and, therefore, can beused to ind
29、irectly estimate sediment discharge. During periodsof low-water discharge in rivers, the sampling frequency canusually be decreased without loss of essential data. If thesediment discharge originates with a periodic activity, such asmanufacturing, then periodic sampling may be very efficient.5.5 The
30、 location and number of sampling verticals requiredat a sampling site is dependent primarily upon the degree ofmixing in the cross section. If mixing is nearly complete, thatis the sediment is evenly and uniformly distributed in the crosssection, a single sample collected at one vertical and the wat
31、erdischarge at the time of sampling will provide the necessarydata to compute instantaneous sediment-discharge. Completemixing rarely occurs and only if all sediment particles inmotion have low fall velocities. Initially, poor mixing shouldbe assumed and, as with sampling any heterogeneous popula-ti
32、on, the number of sampling verticals should be large.5.6 If used properly, the equipment and procedures de-scribed in the following sections will ensure samples with ahigh degree of accuracy. The procedures are laborious butmany samples should be collected initially. If acceptably stablecoefficients
33、 can be demonstrated for all anticipated flowconditions, then a simplified sampling method, such as pump-ing, may be adopted for some or all subsequent sampling.6. Hydraulic Factors6.1 Modes of Sediment Movement:6.1.1 Sediment particles are subject to several forces thatdetermine their mode of movem
34、ent. In most instances wheresediment is transported, flow is turbulent so each sedimentparticle is acted upon by both steady and fluctuating forces.The steady force of gravity and the downward component ofturbulent currents accelerate a particle toward the bed. Theforce of buoyancy and the upward co
35、mponents of turbulentcurrents accelerate a particle toward the surface. Relativemotion between the liquid and the particle is opposed by a dragforce related to the fluid properties and the shape and size ofthe particle.6.1.2 Electrical charges on the surface of particles createforces that may cause
36、the particles to either disperse orflocculate. For particles in the submicron range, electricalforces may dominate over the forces of gravity and buoyancy.6.1.3 Transport mode is determined by the character of aparticles movement. Clay and silt-size particles are relativelyunaffected by gravity and
37、buoyant forces; hence, once theparticles are entrained, they remain suspended within the bodyof the flow for long periods of time and are transported in thesuspended mode.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D 4411 03 (2008)26.1.4 Somewhat l
38、arger particles are affected more by grav-ity. They travel in suspension but their excursions into the floware less protracted and they readily return to the bed where theybecome a part of the bed material until they are resuspended.6.1.5 Still larger particles remain in almost continuouscontact wit
39、h the bed. These particles, termed bedload, travel ina series of alternating steps interrupted by periods of no motionwhen the particles are part of the streambed. The movement ofbedload particles invariably deforms the bed and produces abed form (that is, ripples, dunes, plane bed, antidunes, etc.)
40、,that in turn affects the flow and the bedload movement. Abedload particle moves when lift and drag forces or impact ofanother moving particle overcomes resisting forces and dis-lodges the particle from its resting place.The magnitudes of theforces vary according to the fluid properties, the mean mo
41、tionand the turbulence of the flow, the physical character of theparticle, and the degree of exposure of the particle. The degreeof exposure depends largely on the size and shape of theparticle relative to other particles in the bed-material mixtureand on the position of the particle relative to the
42、 bed form andother relief features on the bed. Because of these factors, evenin steady flow, the bedload discharge at a point fluctuatessignificantly with time. Also, the discharge varies substantiallyfrom one point to another.6.1.6 Within a river or channel, the sizes of the particles intransport s
43、pan a wide range and the flow condition determinesthe mode by which individual particles travel.Achange in flowconditions may cause particles to shift from one mode to theother.6.1.7 For transport purposes, the size of a particle is bestcharacterized by its fall diameter because this describes thepa
44、rticles response to the steady forces in the transport process.6.2 Dispersion of Suspended Sediment:6.2.1 The various forces acting on suspended-sedimentparticles cause them to disperse vertically in the flow. Aparticles upward velocity is essentially equal to the differencebetween the mean velocity
45、 of the upward currents and theparticles fall velocity. A particles downward velocity isessentially equal to the sum of the mean velocity of thedownward currents and the particles fall velocity. As a result,there is a tendency for the flux of sediment through anyhorizontal plane to be greater in the
46、 downward direction.However, this tendency is naturally counteracted by the estab-lishment of a vertical concentration gradient. Because of thegradient, the sediment concentration in a parcel of water-sediment mixture moving upward through the plane is higherthan the sediment concentration in a parc
47、el moving downwardthrough the plane. This difference in concentration produces anet upward flux that balances the net downward flux caused bysettling. Because of their high fall velocities, large particleshave a steeper gradient than smaller particles. Fig. 1 (2) shows(for a particular flow conditio
48、n) the gradients for severalparticle-size ranges. Usually, the concentration of particlessmaller than approximately 60 m will be uniform throughoutthe entire depth.6.2.2 Turbulent flow disperses particles laterally from onebank to the other. Within a long straight channel of uniformcross section, la
49、teral concentration gradients will be nearlysymmetrical and vertical concentration gradients will be simi-lar across the section. However, within a channel of irregularcross section, lateral gradients will lack symmetry and verticalgradients may differ significantly. Fig. 2 (3) illustrates thevariability within one cross section of the Rio Grande.6.2.3 Sediment entering from the side of a channel slowlydisperses as it moves downstream and lateral gradients mayexist for several hundred channel widths downstream. In ornear a channel bend, secondary flow accentuates bo
