1、Designation: D4437 08 (Reapproved 2013)D4437/D4437M 16Standard Practice forNon-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrityof Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric SheetGeomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4437;D4437/D4437M; the number immediately following
2、 the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is inte
3、nded for use as a summary of nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrityof seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test proceduresavailable for determining the quality of bonded seams. Any one or co
4、mbination of the test methods outlined in this practice canbe incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured flexiblepolymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to destructive
5、 testing. Fordestructive test methods look at other ASTM Standards and Practices.1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the following: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (orKnife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied Solvent Bonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seam
6、s, Taped Seams,Waterproofed Sewn Seams.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered stated in eachsystem ma
7、y not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address al
8、lof the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriatesafety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5641D5641/D5641M Prac
9、tice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation by Vacuum ChamberD5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual Seamed GeomembranesD6365 Practice for the Nondestructive Testing of Geomembrane Seams using the Spark TestD7006 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of GeomembranesD7177D7177/D7177M Specifi
10、cation for Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomem-branes3. Significance and Use3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock, andthe large number of seam methods and types used in joini
11、ng these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for standard tests bywhich the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be non-destructively evaluated. This practiceis intended to meet such a need.3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated from the appropriat
12、e polymers and compounding ingredients to forma plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheet material1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommitte
13、e D35.10 on Geomembranes.Current edition approved May 1, 2013July 1, 2016. Published June 2013October 2016. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 asD4437D4437 0808.(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D4437-08R13.10.1520/D4437_D4437M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM
14、 website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indi
15、cation of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be c
16、onsidered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1(reinforced or nonreinforced) shall be capable of being bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2 in accordance withthe sheet manufacturers
17、recommendations and instructions.4. Nondestructive Test Methods4.1 For all test methods listed below, any and all flaws in seam construction that are detected under a given test procedure shallbe repaired. All nondestructive test methods listed are not necessarily applicable to all polymeric geomemb
18、rane materials.4.2 Air Lance TestInspect all seams for unbonded areas using an air nozzle directed on the upper seam edge and surface todetect loose edges, riffles indicating unbonded areas within the seam, or other undesirable seam conditions. Check all bondedseams using a minimum 50 psi (345 kPa)
19、(gage)345 kPa (gauge) air supply directed through a 316 in. (4.8 mm)4.8 mm (typical)nozzle, held not more than 2 in. (51 mm)51 mm from the seam edge and directed at the seam edge.4.3 Vacuum Box TestingInspect all seams for unbonded areas by applying a vacuum to a soaped section of seam. The vacuumsh
20、all be applied by a vacuum box equipped with a vacuum gage,gauge, a clear glass view panel in the top, and a soft rubber gasketon the periphery of the open bottombottom.3. Thoroughly soap a section of the seam and place the inspection box over the soapedseam section and the gasket sealed to the line
21、r. Apply a vacuum between 42 and 8 in. (122 and 244 mm) inches of mercury (Hg)to (1 to 4 psi) to the box by use of a gasoline or electric-driven power vacuum pump apparatus. The applied vacuum will showbubbles over unbonded areas; the unbonded areas can then be marked for repair. See Practice D5641D
22、5641/D5641M.4.4 Ultrasonic (High Frequency) Pulse Echo TestingTest all non-reinforced seams by passing a high frequency sound wavethrough the seam overlap to detect discontinuities in the bonded seam. A commercially available frequency generator capable ofproducing frequencies in the range of 5 to 1
23、5 MHz shall be used. The contact send/receive transducer head shall be the width ofthe bonded seam width and shall be capable of being moved at the rate of 5 to 7 ft/min (1.51.5 to 2.1 m/min)m/min along thesurface length of the seam area. The transducer head shall be so designed as to give continuou
24、s surface to surface thicknessmeasurements once calibrated. Assure good contact of the test head with the lining surface by providing a continuous contactmedium (water) at the interface between test head and lining. The ultrasonic signal shall be capable of being viewed on a monitorand capable of tr
25、iggering an audible alarm when a discontinuity is detected. Discontinuities shall be marked after detection. SeePractice D7006.4.5 Mechanical Point StressingThis test method shall be used as a qualitative measure of edge bonding. A blunt instrument(for example, a screwdriver) shall be run along the
26、edge of the seam to find obvious unbonded areas. The procedure shall notpuncture or otherwise damage the sheet material. Perform point stressing only after the seam has had sufficient time to cure inaccordance with manufacturers directions. This test method is not applicable to all materials, especi
27、ally those that are easilypunctured.4.6 Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual Seam GeomembranesThis test is applicable to dual track seams separatedby an unwelded air channel. See Practice D5820. See Specification D7177D7177/D7177M for PVC Geomembranes.4.7 Spark TestThis test is applicable to s
28、eams made by extrusion method or seams where it is practical to insert a conductivematerial in the seam just prior to or during fabrication. See Practice D6365.5. Report5.1 The report shall include the following:5.1.1 Complete identification of geomembrane system, including type of polymer, source,
29、thickness, reinforced or nonrein-forced sheeting,5.1.2 Complete identification of seaming system used, including material, method, temperatures, seam width, cure time, anddate of fabrication of seams,5.1.3 Quality control test or tests used as outlined in this practice,5.1.4 The type of nondestructi
30、ve test and number of apparent failures and repairs per 100 ft (30.5 m)30.5 m of seam.3 The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Series A 100 Straight Seam Tester) known to the committee at this time is the American Parts and Service Company, 2201West Commonwealth Avenue, P.O. Box 702, Alhambra,
31、CA 91802. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.D4437/D4437M 1626. Precision and Bias6.1 No statement is
32、 made about either the precision or bias of this practice since it merely refers to available nondestructivemethods which could be used in determining the quality of bonded seams.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item me
33、ntionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committe
34、e and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetin
35、g of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
36、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 163
