1、Career/Individual/Development Counseling,HistoryFrank Parsons is considered the father of the guidance movement.1913: The National vocational Guidance Association was founded.1940s: The Trait-and-Factor Approach was widely used in career counseling.“Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/Individual/De
2、velopment Counseling,History1950s: Career guidance utilized more counseling using career development theory with a focus on communication and decision-making skills.1970s: The federal government subsidized a career educational program to facilitate career planning and increase career options.1990s:
3、Career education also included a school-to-work transition program.“Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/Individual/Development Counseling,DefinitionCareer: Defined as a client working out a purposeful life pattern through work over time.Career development: Defined as the psychological, educational,
4、 sociological, physical, economic, and chance happenings that influence and shape a clients career.Career Counseling: The series of interventions throughout a clients lifespan that deals with: work selection, satisfaction, intrapersonal matters, lifestyle issues, and integrating lifes roles. “Copyri
5、ght Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/Individual/Development Counseling,Definition (continued)Lifestyle: A persons aspiration for social status, a specific work environment or climate, education, mobility and financial security.Career Life Planning: An ongoing evaluation of life and career plans that allow
6、s for changes as needs and circumstances change.“Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/Individual/Development Counseling,Theories of Career CounselingTrait-and-Factor (Frank Parsons & John Holland): Finding a suitable match between the work environment and the personality traits of the worker.Social
7、Learning Theory (John Krumboltz): Learning experiences are followed by rewards and punishments and learning experiences influence a persons career choices.Situational Approaches: A sociological approach that accounts for situational factors (e.g. space and time, political climate, social factors, et
8、hnic, religious and family beliefs etc.)“Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/Individual/Development Counseling,Theories of Career CounselingSocial Cognitive Career Theory (Lent, Brown, and Hackett): Contextual and social cognitive factors shape experiences, expectations and interests. These, in tur
9、n, shape the choices one makes regarding career.Developmental Theories (Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad Donald Super and Linda Gottfredson): Early experiences, life events and opportunities, and the maturation process play a role in the development of interests, exploration, and career outcomes.“Copyrig
10、ht Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/Individual/Development Counseling,DiversityMost theories were developed with white, middle-class, heterosexual, able-bodied, adult, males as models. Therefore, they may not be applicable to all people or groups.Some theories, such as the social cognitive career theory,
11、do account for factors that affect women, ethnic minorities, gays and lesbians, and people with disabilities.More and more information is circulating regarding diversity issues.The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 has helped raise consciousness in the workplace.“Copyright Allyn & Bacon
12、2004”,Career/Individual/Development Counseling,Career CounselingAssessment: Includes both verbal and nonverbal assessment , the clients interests and past job attempts, as well as clarification of the counselors role and the clients expectations. Assessment also includes the establishment of career
13、goals.Intervention: Interventions depend upon the needs of the client, the theoretical orientation of the counselor, and available resources.Information Giving: Helping the client find pertinent information about job and career opportunity. “Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/Individual/Developmen
14、t Counseling,Career CounselingCareer Counseling: Can include both group and individual counseling and might focus on exploration, understanding, and action.Teaching the Decision-Making Process: Helps clients integrate new learning with previous knowledge and implement a decision. Work Adjustment: He
15、lping the client adjust to work and learn skills needed to be successful (e.g. learning intrapersonal skills).“Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/Individual/Development Counseling,Salomones Five StagesStage One (Knowledge of the Self): Explore and identify the clients interests, aptitudes and valu
16、es.Stage Two (Knowledge about the World of Work): The client needs to learn how to access occupational data. Stage Three (Creating a Match): Helping the client to decide which occupations fit with his or her skills, interests, and values.“Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/Individual/Development C
17、ounseling,Salomones Five Stages (continued)Stage Four (Implementation of A Decision): The counselor helps the client learn the skills needed, supports the client through the process, and helps the client gather the information needed to implement the decision.Stage Five (Adjustment to a New Setting)
18、: Helping the client to adapt to the new environment or job and deal with his or her stress.“Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/Individual/Development Counseling,Educational ConsiderationsThe United States is the only industrialized nation without a comprehensive system in place to help youth acqu
19、ire the skills, knowledge, and abilities to help them succeed in the world of work.Many poor and minority students lack the education and skills needed to become successful and are essentially locked out of certain types of employment due to lack of opportunity.“Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004”,Career/
20、Individual/Development Counseling,Economic ConsiderationsBusinesses avoid building in poor neighborhoods and therefore many of the poor are denied access to good paying jobs.Education and obtaining the skills necessary to land a well-paying job is expensive and the cost is out of the reach for many.“Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004”,
