1、Designation: D4580 03 (Reapproved 2012)D4580/D4580M 12Standard Practice forMeasuring Delaminations in Concrete Bridge Decks bySounding1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4580;D4580/D4580M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for surveying concrete bridge decks by sounding to
3、 determine delaminations in the concrete.It is not intended that the procedures described herein are to be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with bituminousmixtures. The procedures may be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with portland cement concrete mixtures; however,areas in
4、dicated to be delaminated may have a lack of bond between the overlay and the underlying bridge deck (Note 1).NOTE 1The influence of variable field conditions such as traffic noise, vibration, moisture content of the concrete, and the like, are not completelyknown and additional investigation may be
5、 needed. It is generally agreed that the practice should not be used on frozen concrete.1.2 The following three procedures are covered in this practice:1.2.1 Procedure A, Electro-Mechanical Sounding DeviceThis procedure uses an electric powered tapping device, sonicreceiver, and recorder mounted on
6、a cart. The cart is pushed across the bridge deck and delaminations are recorded on the recorder.1.2.2 Procedure B, Chain DragThis procedure consists of dragging a chain over the bridge deck surface. The detection ofdelaminations is accomplished by the operator noting dull or hollow sounds. Tapping
7、the bridge deck surface with a steel rod orhammer may be substituted for the chain drag.1.2.3 Procedure C, Rotary Percussion2This procedure consists of rolling a dual-wheel, multi-toothed apparatus attached toan extension pole over the bridge deck surface. The percussive force caused by the tapping
8、wheels will create either a dull orhollow sound indicating any delamination.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the
9、other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and
10、 health practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.2. Significance and Use2.1 This practice may be used in conjunction with other methods in determining the general condition of concrete bridge decks.2.2 This practice may be used in determining specific areas of
11、delamination requiring repair.PROCEDURE AELECTRO-MECHANICAL SOUNDING DEVICE3. Summary of Procedure3.1 Longitudinal lines at a predetermined spacing are established on the bridge deck.3.2 After calibration, the sounding device is pushed along the established lines. Electrically powered tapping wheels
12、 emitvibrations into the deck that are sensed by sonic receivers. Areas of delamination are indicated by deflections on a strip chartrecorder.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on Bridge
13、s andStructures.Current edition approved July 15, 2012Dec. 15, 2012. Published July 2012May 2013. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 asD4580 03 (2012).(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D4580-03R12.10.1520/D4580_D4580M-12.2 The rotary sound detecting device for concrete and pr
14、ocedure are patent pending in the US Patent and Trademark Office by Philip K. Clark Company, Inc., 503 CentralDrive, Suite 102, Virginia Beach, VA 23454. Interested parties are invited to submit information regarding the identification of an alternative(s) to this patent pending itemto ASTM Internat
15、ional Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical subcommittee,1 which you may attend.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an
16、 ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publis
17、hed by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.3 All portions on the strip chart indicating delaminations are plotted on a scaled map of the bridge deck. An outline is madeshowi
18、ng the areas of delamination.4. ApparatusNOTE 2The apparatus described here has been found suitable and is the most common type commercially available. Other apparatuses that do notexactly conform to these requirements such as sounding device, tapping rate, or sonic receivers may also be accepted.4.
19、1 Electro-Mechanical Sounding DeviceA small, three-wheeled cart upon which is mounted a 12-V battery, two tappingwheels, two sonic receivers, a two-channel-strip recorder, and associated connectors and cables.4.1.1 Tapping Wheels Two rigid-steel-tapping wheels capable of tapping the bridge deck surf
20、ace at the rate of 33 times/s. Thetapping wheels shall be located approximately 6 in. (152 mm)152 mm 6 in. apart.4.1.2 Sonic Receivers Two sonic receivers consisting of oil-filled soft tires, inside each of which a receiving transducer ismounted in nonrotating proximity to the concrete surface. The
21、transducers shall be piezo-electric hydrophones that are coupled tothe concrete surface through the soft tires and the oil within the wheels. Each receiving wheel shall be located approximately 3in. (76 mm)76 mm 3 in. outside of and parallel to its corresponding tapping wheel.4.1.3 Strip Chart Recor
22、derA two-channel-strip chart recorder shall be capable of receiving the signals from the sonicreceivers. The electronics unit shall accept only those portions of the signal that occur during the first 3 ms after the occurrenceof a tap and further limit the recorder to respond only to those frequency
23、 components of the signal that lies in the range of 300to 1200 Hz. The processed signals shall be rectified and integrated to produce a visual record on the respective channels of therecord chart. The chart shall be driven in proportion to the distance traveled so that the length of the record repre
24、sents apredetermined length of travel. The recording pen on one channel shall be capable of acting as an event marker.4.1.4 Cables and ConnectorsThere shall be sufficient cables and connectors for connection of the left-tapping wheelsonic-receiver system to the left channel of the strip chart record
25、er and the right-tapping wheel sonic-receiver system to the rightchannel of the strip chart recorder.4.2 Measuring Tape, Markers, StringlineA measuring tape, markers, and stringline shall be provided for establishing lines onthe bridge deck that will serve to keep the sounding device positioned prop
26、erly while making the survey.4.3 CalibratorA solid aluminum bar capable of checking the operational system of the sounding device.5. Calibration5.1 Place the device on the calibrator bar in the on position with the chart drive operating. This will establish the electrical zeroline.5.2 With the calib
27、ration switch in the calibrate position, turn on the power, transmitter, and chart drive switches. Each of therecorder pens should trace a rather erratic line approximately half way between the maximum pen movement and the electrical zeroline. This line may vary one or two major divisions due to as
28、a result of normal variations in the response of the system to thealuminum bar. If the response line does not fall as described, then each channel shall be adjusted with the appropriate calibrationadjustment control.6. Bridge Deck Layout6.1 Any accumulation of debris on the deck mustshall be removed
29、.6.2 Beginning at a curb face, mark each end of the bridge at the interval chosen for making the survey.NOTE 3Various spacing intervals such as 15 in. (38.1 cm), 18 in. (45.7 cm), and 3 ft (91.4 cm)38.1 cm 15 in., 45.7 cm 18 in., and 91.4 cm 3ft have been used. The closer spacings are recommended fo
30、r an in-depth analysis of the bridge deck. The wider spacing intervals are suitable forgeneral-condition surveys of bridge decks.7. Test Procedure7.1 Stretch the stringline between corresponding marks on each end of the bridge.7.2 With the switch in the operate position and the power and transmitter
31、 switches on, push the sounding device at a normalwalking speed over the bridge deck. The device mustshall be centered over the stringline. Continue in this manner until the entiredeck has been surveyed.7.3 Mark the ends of the bridge, expansion devices, and so forth,forth by activating the event ma
32、rker.8. Data Interpretation and Plotting8.1 Construct a scaled map of the deck surface.8.2 Plot the limits of all portions of each trace indicating a delamination.Adelamination is considered a trace deflection of fouror more minor chart divisions above the normal background response.8.3 Connect the
33、limits of these plots and outline the individual delaminated areas.D4580/D4580M 1228.4 Determine the total area contained in the individual delaminated areas.8.5 Divide the total delaminated area by the total bridge deck area and multiply times 100 to yield the percent of deck areadelaminated.PROCED
34、URE BCHAIN DRAG9. Summary of Procedure9.1 A grid system is laid out on the bridge deck.9.2 Chains are dragged over the deck surface. Delaminated areas are those where a dull or hollow sound from the chain draggingoperation is apparent.9.3 Delaminated areas are outlined on the deck surface.Amap is pr
35、epared indicating the location of delaminations with respectto the grid lines.10. Apparatus10.1 Chains, Steel Rods, or HammersAcceptable sizes and configurations of chains, steel rods, or hammers are those thatproduce a clear ringing sound when dragged or tapped over nondelaminated concrete and a du
36、ll or hollow sound over delaminatedconcrete. A common chain drag configuration consists of four or five segments of 1-in. (25-mm)25-mm 1-in. link chain of 14-in.(6-mm)6-mm 14-in. diameter steel approximately 18 in. (45.7 cm)45.7 cm 18 in. long, attached to a 2-ft (61-cm)61-cm 2-ftpiece of aluminum o
37、r copper tube to which a 2-61- to 3-ft (61-91.4-cm 2- to 91.4-cm)3-ft piece of tubing, for the handle, isattached to the midpoint, forming a T. Steel rods 16 mm by 121.9 cm 58 in. by 4 ft (16 mm by 121.9 cm),ft, or larger, have beenfound to produce satisfactory results.NOTE 4Heavier chains have gene
38、rally been shown to produce a more definitive sound under heavy traffic conditions.10.2 Measuring Tape, Markers, and StringlineA measuring tape, markers, and stringline shall be provided for establishing agrid system on the bridge deck. Markers such as spray paint or lumber crayon shall be used to o
39、utline delaminated areas on thedeck surface.11. Bridge Deck Layout11.1 Any accumulation of debris on the deck mustshall be removed.11.2 Construct a grid system on the deck surface with a lumber crayon so that delaminated areas marked on the deck can beplotted easily on a map by referencing the areas
40、 to the grid.12. Test Procedure12.1 Survey the entire bridge deck by dragging the chains or tapping with the steel rod or hammer over the entire surface. Onnondelaminated concrete, a clear ringing sound will be heard. A dull or hollow sound is emitted when delaminated concrete isencountered.12.2 Mar
41、k the areas of delamination on the deck surface with the spray paint or lumber crayon.13. Plotting13.1 Construct a scaled map of the deck surface.13.2 By referencing to the established grid system on the deck, plot the areas of delamination on the map.13.3 Determine the total area contained in the i
42、ndividual delaminated areas.13.4 Divide the total delaminated area by the total bridge deck area and multiply by 100 to yield the percent of deck areadelaminated.PROCEDURE CROTARY PERCUSSION14. Summary of Procedure14.1 A grid system is laid out on the bridge deck, vertical structural support, or the
43、 underside of the bridge structure.14.2 A rotary percussive device is rolled over the bridge deck, vertical structural member, or the underside of the bridge deck.Delaminated areas are those areas where a dull or hollow sound is created from the rotary percussion units striking the surface.14.3 Dela
44、minated areas are outlined on the bridge decks surface, vertical structural surface, or on the underside of the bridgedeck surface. A map (or field schematic) is prepared indicating the locations of the delaminations with respect to the grid lines orwith respect to their proximity to permanent struc
45、tural elements.D4580/D4580M 12315. Apparatus15.1 Rotary Percussion Sounding DeviceA “T” shaped device with two rotary percussion units, which spin when rolled overa concrete surface. The device is either hand-held or attached to an extension pole to reach the overhead surfaces of structuralmembers o
46、r the underside of the bridge deck surface. As the rotary percussion sounding device is rolled over the surface, the twopercussion units strike the surface with sufficient force to create either a clear ringing sound when passing over solid concrete ora dull or hollow sound when passing over delamin
47、ated concrete.15.2 Rotary Percussion UnitsTwo hardedenedhardened steel, 15-point percussion units are fit onto an axle and are capableof being rolled over the surface to be tested to sufficiently strike the concrete surface sufficiently to generate the hollow soundindicative of delaminated concrete.
48、15.3 Extension PoleThe rotary percussion device is attached to a telescoping extension pole to reach the surface to be tested,either the top slab deck or an overhead structural member.15.4 Measuring Wheel, Markers, and String LineA measuring wheel adapted to fit a telescoping extension pole. Lumberc
49、rayons, spray paint markers, and string line shall be used to establish a grid system so that the delaminated areas can be accuratelyrecorded.16. Bridge Deck Layout16.1 Any accumulation of debris on the deck mustshall be removed.16.2 Construct a grid system on the deck surface, vertical structure member, or the underside of the bridge deck with chalk line,lumber crayon, or by the test areas proximity to fixed structural components. Plot the areas on the field sheet.17. Test Procedure17.1 Survey the entire deck surface or overhead s
