1、Designation: D4675 091D4675 14Standard Guide forSelection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1 NOTEThe layout of Table 2 was adjusted editorially in Novemb
3、er 2010.INTRODUCTIONThis guide covers two common categories of flat strapping materials: flat carbon steel andnonmetallic strapping. nonmetallic. Within each of these two broad categories,categories there aredistinct types that lend themselves in differing degrees to particular applications to diffe
4、ringdegrees.applications.The goal of this guide is to help the user focus on the desired elements of performance or service,and the unique properties of each strapping material in order to judge which of these strappingmaterialsproducts is best suited for the application. Contact your supplier for f
5、urther information.intended strapping application. For further information, consult with your strapping supplier, yourcarrier, and any packaging and loading regulations applicable to your products. It is of particularimportance, for both safety and satisfactory performance, that the user informs the
6、 strapping supplierof all intended uses and usage conditions that may differ from industry custom and practice or fromintended strapping applications. Likewise, the user needs to inform the strapping supplier of anypractice of the users carrier that the user believes may differ from any requirement
7、or recommen-dation of the carriers association or of any applicable ASTM or regulatory provisions. The user alsoshould inform the strapping supplier of the following expected conditions: load, unit, or packagecharacteristics (rigid, expanding, shrinking, or combination); severity of handling; nature
8、 of transportequipment; storage conditions (stacking height and weight); exposure to environmental conditions;extreme temperatures (particularly if prolonged outdoor exposure is anticipated); exposure tochemicals; exposure to abrasive surfaces; and exposure to sharp or pointed objects that can cause
9、nicks, scratches, or holes in the strapping. There are other materials not covered by this guide, whichmay also offer acceptable solutions or may be used in conjunction with flat strapping to provideacceptable solutions for the users intended application. Examples of accessories, such as, edgeprotec
10、tors, seal protectors, etc. are shown in Fig. 1.It is recognized that there are other materials (not covered) that may also offer acceptable solutionsor may be used in conjunction with flat strapping. Also, examples of ancillary materials are shown inFig. 1.Strapping may be recyclable. recyclable bu
11、t must never be reused. Contact your supplier for furtherinformation.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on flat strapping materials (steel orand nonmetallic) for the prospective user wanting initialguidance in selecting a strapping material and applied configuration information on suggested a
12、pplication methods for use inpackaging (closing, reinforcing, baling, bundling, unitizing, or palletizing) and loading applications (load unitization andsecurement to transport vehicle) applications. vehicle). The use applies to handling, securement, storage, and distribution systems.1 This guide is
13、 under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing of Loads.Current edition approved March 1, 2009April 1, 2014. Published March 2009May 2014. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 200
14、62009 asD4675 06D4675 09 2 1. DOI: 10.1520/D4675-09E01.10.1520/D4675-14.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately dep
15、ict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
16、428-2959. United States11.2 Carrier associations have established certain packaging and loading requirements that in(in some casescases) specify athetype of strap, the minimum size or strength, or both, and the type of joint or seal, or both, and the number of straps, seals, andjoints that must be u
17、sed for certainparticular types of shipments or under certain conditions. Users should consult with their carriersinitially to determine if there are applicable,applicable published requirements. Individual carriers may establish their ownrequirements (seerequirements. (See 2.2). .)1.3 LimitationsTh
18、is guide is not intended to give specific information as to how strapping must be used in any particularpackaging or loading situation. Rather, it is intended to be informational in nature and is offered as a starting point for testing. Theneed for thorough testing of strapping being considered by t
19、he user. Thorough user testing is to be emphasized essential, as is areview of pertinent regulations that can influence the selection of sizes, types, and possibly, strap selection (size and type), andapplication methods.1.4 The sections in this guide appear in the following order:SectionScope 1Refe
20、renced Documents 2Terminology 3FIG. 1 Applications for Steel and Nonmetallic StrappingVarious Strapping ApplicationsD4675 142Significance and Use 4Safety Hazards 5General Considerations:Properties of Strap Types 6General Uses 7Strap Tension 8Packaging Design:Distribution 9Package Configuration 10Str
21、ap Selection 11TABLE 1 Strapping Preference as a Function of HandlingSeverity of Elementscolwidth=“1.78in“colname=“col2“ colwidth=“0.40in“TypeSpecificationD3953 Specification D3950Regular-DutySteelRegular-DutyHighStrengthSteelHeavy-DutySteelBondedRayonCordBondedor Wo-venPolyes-terCordPolypropyl-ene
22、PlasticNylonPlasticPolyesterPlasticUltra-violetAx x x . x . . .Mois-turex x x . x x . xEl-evatedtem-pera-turesx x x x x . x xLowtem-pera-turesx x x x x . x xExpo-sureto cor-rosives. . . x x x x xCon-cernfor damageto unitsurface. . . x x x x xTABLE 1 Table of ContentsSection Page No.Introduction 1Lis
23、t of Figures 3List of Tables 31. Scope 12. Referenced Documents 23. Terminology 34. Significance and Use 45. Safety Hazard Guidelines 46. General Considerations 77. General Uses 88. Strap Tension 99. Packaging Design 910. Load, Unit, and Package Securement Configuration 911. Strap Selection 912.Join
24、ing Methods and Properties1013. Coatings, Finishes, and Resistance to Deteriorationof Physical Properties1414. Environmental Considerations 1415. Lubrication 1516. Equipment for Strapping Application 1517. Strap Application 1518. Testing and Evaluation 1619. Evaluation of Strap Failure 1620. Keyword
25、s 16S. Supplementary Requirements 18Disclaimer and Contact Information 19A UV inhibitors are available for polypropylene, nylon, and polyester plastics.D4675 143TABLE 4 Minimum Sizes of Steel and Plastic Strapping forFiberboard Boxescolwidth=“1.42in“ colname=“col3“colwidth=“1.13in“colname=“col4“ col
26、width=“1.27in“Gross Weightof Containerand Contents,lbSpecification D3953,Type 1, in.NonmetallicASpecificationD3950Type II, in. Type III, in.0 to 35 58 by 0.010 38 by 0.015 716 by 0.01714 by 0.025 12 by 0.01535 to 70, incl 38 by 0.015 38 by 0.015 716 by 0.01714 by 0.025716 by 0.02512 by 0.01570 to 11
27、0, incl 38 by 0.020 12 by 0.015 12 by 0.01512 by 0.015 38 by 0.020 716 by 0.017716 by 0.025Over 110 to225, incl12 by 0.020 12 by 0.020 716 by 0.02358A by 0.015 58 by 0.015 12 by 0.020716 by 0.025TABLE 2 List of FiguresTitle Figure No. Page No.Various Strapping Applications 1 2Strap Cutting Technique
28、s 2 7Crimp Joint with Seals 3 8Correct and Incorrect Applied Strapping 4 9Notch Joint with Seals 5 10Sealles Interlocking Joints 6 11Loop Joint Secured to Stake Pocket 7 11Loop Joint Replacement 8 11Buckle Styles 9 12Crimp Joint Seals 10 12Overlap Sealless Joints 11 12Feedwheel Hand Tool Tensioning
29、Application 12 12Snap-On (Open) / Semi-Open Seals 13 12Windlass Type Hand Tool Application 14 13Thread-On (Closed) and Push Type (Overlap)Seals15 13Push Type Hand Tool Application 16 13Nested Stack (Magazine Feed Seal) 17 13Combination Tension and Seal-Feed Hand ToolApplication18 13Intersection Seal
30、 19 13Various Strapping Take-Up and TensioningMethods20 15Corrugated Fiberboard Box Strap Placement 21 17Fiberboard Panel Box S1.1 18Cleated-Panel Box S1.2 18Nailed Wooden Boxes S1.3 19Wire Bound Box S1.4 19A Other type and sizes may be applicable.TABLE 2 Strapping Applications Commonly Used for Pac
31、kaging,Unitization, and Load SecurementD4675 144TABLE 3 List of TablesTitleTable No.Page No.Strapping Applications Commonly Used for Packaging,Unitization, and Load Securement4 5D4675 145Examples of Different Package Types 5 9Appropriate Strapping Use as a Function ofEnvironmental Conditions6 14Pote
32、ntial Causes for Strap Failure 7 16Suggested Minimum Size of Steel and Plastic Strappingfor Fiberboard BoxesS1.1 18Suggested Sizes of Flat Metal Bands for Cleated-PanelBoxesS1.2 19Suggested Minimum Sizes of Flat Metal Straps forWooden BoxesS1.3 19Weight of Contents Versus Length of Cleat S1.4 19TABL
33、E 2 Strapping Applications Commonly Used for Packaging,Unitization, and Load Securement (continued)D4675 146Joining Methods and PropertiesJoint Methods and Properties (except loop joint) 12Loop Joint and Seal Properties 13Coatings:Strap Coatings and Purposes 14Application:Equipment for Strap Applica
34、tion 15Strap Application 16Testing and Evaluation:Testing and Developing Final Package Design 17Evaluation of Strap Failure 18Keywords 19Supplementary Guideline S11.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to
35、SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.(metric) units.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health pr
36、actices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements guidelines, however, are givenprovided in Section 5 and Note 13.1 and15.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD3950 Speci
37、fication for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Joining Methods)D3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems2.2 Other Standards:Standards (most current revisions):Uniform Freight Classification Code, Rule 41, Section 93Nati
38、onal Motor Freight Classification 100-L, Item 222, Section 74ISTA, International Safe Transit Association, Pre-Shipment Test ProceduresProcedure5Association of American Railroads Railroads (AAR/TTCI) RailingClosed Car Loading Methods and Open Top LoadingRules6IMO/ILO/UN ECE Guidelines for Packing or
39、 Cargo Transport Units (CTUs)7Drivers Handbook on Cargo Securement83. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor general definitions of packaging and distribution environments, seeenvironments. (See TerminologyD996)3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 The following refer to the characteristic
40、s and properties of strapping materials. These can be objectively measured to someextent and are used to rank the relative effectiveness of different strapping materials in different applications. The definitions givenhere are for the purposes of this guide only and do not necessarily reflect genera
41、l usage or ASTM standard definitions. Someproperties are common to both steel and nonmetallic strapping. Other properties are peculiar to nonmetallic only, or to steel only.The following refers to the characteristics and properties of strapping materials. These can be objectively measured to some ex
42、tentand are used to rank the relative effectiveness of different strapping materials in different applications. The definitions given hereare for the purposes of this guide only and do not necessarily reflect general usage orASTM standard definitions. Some propertiesare common to both steel and nonm
43、etallic strapping. Other properties pertain to just nonmetallic strapping or to steel strappingonly.3.2.1 break strength, nthe longitudinal tensile force that must be is applied to cause a strap to rupture. (See SpecificationsD3950 and D3953.)3.2.2 chemical contamination, nexposure to chemicals whic
44、h may degrade the straps physical properties. (See Section 13).2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM websit
45、e.3 Available from National Railroad Freight Classification, available from Uniform Classification Committee, 222 South Riverside Plaze, Chicago, IL 60606.4 Available from National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA), 1001 N. Fairfax St., Alexandria, VA 22314, http:/www.nmfta.org.5 Available f
46、rom International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), 1400 Abbot Road, Suite 160, East Lansing, MI 488231900, http:/www.ista.org.6 Available from Association of American RailroadsRailing, Association of American RailroadsRailing Highwoods Center, 7001 Weston Parkway, Suite 200, Cary,NC 27513.7 Availabl
47、e from International Maritime Organization, Publishing Service, 4 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7SR, United Kingdom, http:/www.imo.org.8 Available from Drivers Handbook on Cargo Securement, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, Suite W60-300, Washington, DC 20590, http:/www.fmcsa.dot.gov/documents/cargo/carg
48、osecurement-16-04.pdf.D4675 1473.2.3 corner break strength, nthe reduced break strength due to the strapstrapping being bent around an a corner or edge. (SeeSpecification D3953.)3.2.4 dead stretch (creep), npermanent deformation,strain (elongation) resulting from the application of tension constantt
49、ensional stresses over time.3.2.5 ductility in bending (resistance to “work hardening”), n ductility is the opposite of “brittleness”. This quality is relatedto corner break strength and closely allied with strength and elongation in determining impact resistance. It is also important intensioning applications requiring the strap to be bent double, and in loop joint applications. (Specificationrefers to the ability ofsteel strapping to deform without rupture under the tensile stress resulting from bending, or its resi
