1、Designation: D 4740 04 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forCleanliness and Compatibility of Residual Fuels by SpotTest1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4740; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers separate procedures for deter-mining the cleanliness of residual fuel oil and the
3、 compatibilityof a residual fuel oil with a blend stock. It is applicable toresidual fuel oils with viscosities up to 50 cSt (1 cSt = 1 mm2s)at 100C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not
4、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
5、2D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3Reference Spot Sheet3. Terminology3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 blend stock, na finished residual fuel oil or
6、 fuel oilcomponent, including petroleum streams ranging from kero-sine to residuals and asphalt.3.1.2 cleanliness, nof residual fuel, the absence of sus-pended solids in a finished sample.3.1.3 compatibility, nof residual fuel, the absence ofsuspended solids when equal volumes of a sample and a blen
7、dstock are mixed together.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Cleanliness ProcedureA drop of the preheated andthoroughly mixed sample is put on a test paper and placed inan oven at 100C. After 1 h, the test paper is removed from theoven and the resultant spot is examined for evidence ofsuspended solids and
8、 rated for cleanliness using the D 4740Adjunct Reference Spots.4.2 Compatibility ProcedureA blend composed of equalvolumes of the sample fuel oil and the blend stock is tested inthe same way as described in 4.1 and rated for compatibilityagainst D 4740 Adjunct Reference Spots.5. Significance and Use
9、5.1 The two procedures in this test method are used alone orin combination to identify fuels or blends that could result inexcessive centrifuge loading, strainer plugging, tank sludgeformation, or similar operating problems.5.2 A spot rating of Number 3 or higher on a finished fueloil by the cleanli
10、ness procedure indicates that the fuel containsexcessive suspended solids and is likely to cause operatingproblems.5.3 Although a fuel may test clean when subjected to thecleanliness procedure, suspended solids may precipitate whenthe fuel is mixed with a blend stock. Evidence of suchincompatibility
11、 is indicated by a spot rating of Number 3 orhigher in the compatibility procedure.6. Apparatus6.1 Test PaperChromatographic or filter paper cut ordivided into appropriately sized squares, strips, or circles.Whatman #2 Qualitative filter paper4has been found to besuitable and was used in the interla
12、boratory round robin study.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originall
13、yapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 474004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
14、 website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJ-ADJD4740. Original adjunct produced in 2000.4The sole source of supply of Whatman paper No. 2 known to the committee atthis time is Whatman, Inc., 9 Bridewell Place, Clifton, NJ 07014. If you are awareof alternative supp
15、liers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Uni
16、ted States.In case of dispute, use Whatman #2 Qualitative filter paper.Store the paper, without folding, rolling, or bending, in atightly closed container.6.2 Test Paper SupportFig. 1 shows a suitable support formultiple samples spotted on the same test paper, which shall besupported in a horizontal
17、 position so nothing touches test areasof the paper.6.3 OvenAny convection oven capable of maintaining anair temperature of 100 6 2C.6.4 Reference Spot SheetAdjunct for D 4740.6.5 Conical Flask, 100-mL capacity.6.6 Heating Bath or Hot Plate, capable of heating sample toa temperature between 90 and 9
18、5C.6.7 Temperature Measuring Device, capable of accuratelymeasuring the temperature within the tolerances required in 6.3and 6.6, such as ASTM 1C thermometer, or liquid-in-glassthermometers, thermocouples, or platinum-resistance ther-mometers that provide equivalent or better accuracy andprecision m
19、ay be used.7. Sampling7.1 Samples for this test can come from tanks, lines, drums,or small containers. Use the applicable apparatus and tech-niques described in Practices D 4057 or D 4177.8. Cleanliness Procedure8.1 Heat the sample in the original container in the heatingbath or on a hot plate to ab
20、ove 90 to ensure the sample is ina fluid state.8.2 Mix thoroughly.NOTE 1Mechanical shaking or mechanical mixing is recommended.8.3 Pour approximately 50 mL of the sample into a 100-mLconical flask and place the flask in the heating bath or on a hotplate.8.4 Heat the sample uniformly by stirring and
21、maintain thesample temperature between 90 and 95C for 15 to 20 min.8.5 Position the test paper so the test portion is clear of anysupport (Fig. 1), and place in the oven for a minimum of 5 minallowing the paper temperature to attain the oven temperature.8.6 Preheat the glass rod by dipping into and
22、stirring theheated sample for about 20 s. Withdraw the rod and allow thefirst drop to fall back into the conical flask. Allow the seconddrop to fall onto the test paper which is supported horizontallyin the oven heated to a temperature of 100C.8.6.1 A number of samples may be spotted on the same tes
23、tpaper. The spot centers must not be closer than 50 mm and atleast 25 mm from the edge of the test paper.8.7 Dry the test paper in the oven maintained at 100 6 2Cfor 1 h. The test paper must be kept level and supported in sucha manner to prevent the spotted portion from coming intocontact with any s
24、urface.8.8 After 1 h, remove the test paper from the oven. Refer tothe reference spot adjunct and to the reference spot descriptionsgiven in Table 1. Compare the spot with the standard spots onthe adjunct and record the spot number having the closestresemblance. If the sample spot is rated between t
25、wo consecu-tive spots on the adjunct, record the larger number.NOTE 2Ignore differences in overall darkness, color, size, and appear-ance of the outer edges.9. Compatibility Procedure9.1 Pour 30 mL of test sample in an appropriate container,heating if necessary.9.2 Add an equal volume of blend stock
26、 to the test sampleand mix the contents thoroughly.9.3 The equal volume of blend is generally the most severecondition for measuring compatibility. If in actual practice anapplication requires a blending ratio other than equal parts,conduct the test using the actual blend ratio for the test resultst
27、o have a good probability of being indicative of the finalblend.9.4 Immediately test 50 mL of the mixture as described in8.3-8.8.FIG. 1 Support for Test PaperTABLE 1 Reference Spot DescriptionReferenceSpot No.Characterizing Features1 Homogeneous spot (no inner ring)2 Faint or poorly defined inner ri
28、ng3 Well-defined thin inner ring, only slightly darker than the back-ground4 Well-defined inner ring, thicker than the ring in reference spot No. 3and somewhat darker than the background5 Very dark solid or nearly solid area in the center. The central area ismuch darker than the backgroundD 4740 04
29、(2009)210. Report10.1 Report the cleanliness or the compatibility rating as aninteger from 1 to 5, as determined in 8.8. Report the blend ratiowhen other than 50:50 is used to determine the capabilityrating.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Precision and bias statements have not been deter-mined for the pr
30、eparation of the spots; however, a precisionstatement regarding how different individuals rate spots wasdetermined by a modified round robin test. The need forstatements pertaining to the preparation of the spots is beingconsidered.11.1.1 The precision of the procedure in Test MethodD 4740, for diff
31、erent individuals using the same D 4740Adjunct Reference Spots in conjunction with Table 1 to rate thesame spots prepared in accordance with Test Method D 4740from field samples, as determined at a common site is asfollows:11.1.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successiveratings of the same sp
32、ot by the same individual viewed undersame conditions would, in the long run, not exceed one ratingnumber only in one case in twenty.11.1.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between twosingle independent ratings obtained by different individuals forthe same spot viewed under the same conditions would,
33、 in thelong run, not exceed one rating number only in one case intwenty.11.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for preparing the spots used in the spot ratingprocedures in Test Method D 4740, bias has not been deter-mined.12. Keywords12.1 cleanliness; compatibility; residual
34、fuel; spot testASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of s
35、uch rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for add
36、itional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to t
37、he ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4740 04 (2009)3
